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FORGE 



HRONICLE OF AMERICAN HEROISl 

FULLY ILLUSTRATED 

ACCURATE CAMP 
AND ROAD MAPS 



COMPILED BY 

FRANK H. TAYLOR 
AND ISSUED UNDER THE AUTHORITY OF 

THE VALLEY FORGE PARK COMMISSION 



-"{fiftv 




While VV^ashington ^ His . 
Men Starved at Valley Forge 

the oldest -insurance company in America protected the 
City of Philadelphia against a devastating conflagration by 
sweeping and keeping clean the chimneys of the houses 
occupied by the British soldiers. 

It melted its leaden house-badges, as pictured above, 
into bullets, and temporarily discontinued their use in order 
that the poorly equipped American soldiers might be better 
supplied with ammunition. 

Reared in the conservatism of Philadelphia, the progress 
of this historic company has been consistently forward. 
For one hundred and sixty-eight years it has promptly paid 
its lire losses; during the past quarter-century it has paid 
over one million dollars in dividends to its policy-holders; 
last year it wrote the largest amount of new insurance in 
its history; and today it stands the strongest active fire 
insurance company in the world. 



The Philadelphia Contributionship jor the Insurance 
OF Houses jrom. Loss by Fire, Two Hundred and Twelve 
South Fourth Street, Philadelphia. Founded 1752. 



A Mutual Company without Assessment Liability. Perpetual 
Insurance on Brick and Stone Buildings m Pennsylvania. 



\^-' 



"VALLEY FORGE" 



VALLEY FORGE 

A Chronicle of American Heroism 



FRANK H. TAYLOR 




ISSUED UNDER THE AUTHORITY OF 

THE VALLEY FORGE PARK COMMISSION 

AND PUBLISHED BY 

WALTER S. SLACK 

PHILADELPHL\ PENNA. 



7T ^r 



Copyright, 1920 
BY WALTER S. SLACK 



©CU597725 
CCl -2 1920 




CONTENTS 

PAGE 

List of Illustrations ^ 

Song of Valley Forge 10 

Important Features to be Seen at the Park H 

The Valley Forge Park Commission and Its Work 15 

Valley Forge in Seventeen Seventy-seven 16 

Impulse of the Valley Forge Centennial 18 

Movements in the Campaign of 1777 ~0 

The British Army in Philadelphia 23 

Occupation of Valley Forge by the Continental Army 25 

The Commander-in-Chief's Life Guard 29 

A Word Picture of the Camp 31 

Routine of the Camp 36 

The Cry of Distress 39 

Washington's Optimism 42 

The Coming of Baron Von Steuben 48 

The French Alliance 54 

The Marquis De Lafayette 57 

Departure of the Army from Valley Forge 61 

Valley Forge in After Years 63 

Return of the Continental Army Encamped at Valley Forge, Dec. 31st, 1777 65 
Notes and Citations 67 





HALLWAY, WASHINGTON'S HEADQIARTERS 



LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 

PAGE 

School House Grove upon Washington Lane, Site of the Artillery Park . . Frontispiece 

Hallway, Washington's Headquarters 7 

National Memorial Arch on Outer Line Boulevard 12 

Home of Mrs. Deborah Hewes, Valley Forge, Occupied by General George Washing- 
ton as Headquarters of the Continental Army 13 

General George Washington 14 

New Jersey Monument, Park Drive and Gulf Road 15 

The Foundations of the Forge Dam 16 

The Present Mill and Valley Road 17 

AVaterman Monument, half mile east from Star Redoubt 18 

Wayne Equestrian Monument, Outer Line Boulevard two miles south of Headquarters . 19 

Headquarters of General Howe near Valley Forge in September, 1777 21 

British Defensive Positions in Philadelphia, 1777-78 22 

Washington's OflBce Apartment at Valley Forge 24 

Memorial Bowlder and Tablet at Gulph Mill 25 

Washington's Headquarters, opposite station. Open daily 26 

Washington's Headquarters — The OfEce Looking Toward Hallway 26 

A Private of the Life Guard 27 

Page in Washington's Ledger Including His Expenditures While at Valley Forge .... 28 

Washington Inn 29 

Flag of the Life Guard 29 

Grave of an L^nknown Soldier 30 

Site of the Star Redoubt 31 

Anthony Wayne 32 

Brigadier General Jed Huntington 33 

Brigadier General Lachlan Mcintosh 33 

7 



Brigadier General Charles Scott 33 

Brigadier General George Weedon 83 

Brigadier General J. Peter G. Muhlenberg 34 

Brigadier General Enoch Poor 34 

Headquarters of Major General Lord Stirling 34 

Brigadier General Louis L. du Portail 35 

House of Joseph Walker, Headquarters of Major Gen. Anthony Wayne 36 

Reproductions of Continental hut and hospital 37 

Fort Huntingdon, three-fourths mile east from Headquarters 40 

Birthplace and Home of Major General Anthony W'ayne 41 

Inner Line Boulevard 42 

Brigadier General William Smalhvood 43 

Brigadier General Henry Knox 43 

Brigadier General Daniel Morgan 43 

Brigadier General James M. Varnum 43 

From Original of Oath of Allegiance Signed by Major General Arthur St. Clair 44 

A Form of Enlistment 45 

Sketch Map of the Valley Forge Encampment 46 

Home of Captain John Davis 47 

Headquarters of Brigadier General Daniel Morgan 47 

Major General Frederick William von Steuben 48 

Headquarters of Brigadier General J. Peter G. Muhlenberg 49 

Headquarters of Major General Thomas MifHin 49 

Headquarters of Lord Cornwallis near Valley Forge, in September, 1777 50 

Von Steuben Monument Erected by the National German-American Alliance 51 

Headquarters of Major General Marquis de Lafayette 52 

Headquarters of Brigadier General Thomas Bradford 52 

Headquarters of Brigadier General Louis L, du Portail 53 

Ruins of the Gulf Mill 53 

Benjamin Franklin 54 

Major General Nathaniel Greene 55 

Major General Paul J. G. M. de Lafayette 56 

Brigadier General John Glover 58 

Major General Lord Stirling (William Alexander) 58 

Lieutenant John Trumbull 58 

Lieutenant Colonel Alexander Hamilton 58 

Bridge Over the Valley Stream 59 

Headquarters of Brigadier General John Knox 60 

Headquarters of Major General Baron de Kalb 60 

Memorial to the Troops of Massachusetts 61 

Old School House, built by Ltetitia Penn and used as a hospital in 1778, upon Washington 

Lane, near Fort Washington. Now a museum. Guide books and maps on sale here. 62 

Interior of Old School House 62 

A Soldier's Bake Oven 63 

Types of British Soldiery of General Howe's Army in Philadelphia, 1777-78 64 

Observatory upon the Summit of Mt. Joy, free 68 

Headquarters of General James M. Varnum 68 

Along the Mount Joy Drive 88 

Pillars Marking Left of the Pennsylvania Brigade 89 

Fort Washington, one and a half miles south from Headquarters 89 

Map of Valley Forge 90, 91 



THE SONG OF VALLEY FORGE 

"We go with the axe our huts to raise. 
And then to creep to the camp-fire's blaze, 
And talk, as our heartstrings closer twine, 
Of comrades lost at Brandywine. 

"We will know what famine means, and wish 
For the nook of home and the smoking dish, 
And our aching limbs, as they shrink with cold, 
Will feel how scant is the garment's fold. 

"The foe will lodge in the city gay. 
And Howe and his troops keep cares away, 
And the feast and dance will loudly tell 
How St. George's sons hold carnival. 

"But we in the rude -built huts will wait 
For a brighter day and a nobler fate; 
And as clings to the sire the trusting son 
We will nestle closer to our Washington." 

— Lyrics of the Revolution. 



MPORTANT FEATURES TO BE SEEN AT THE PARK 



WASHINGTON'S HEADQUARTERS 

Opposite Railroad Station 

NATIONAL MEMORIAL ARCH 

On outer line Boulevard 

OBSERVATORY 

Summit of Mount Joy 

WAYNE EQUESTRIAN MONUMENT 

Outer line Boulevard 

NEW JERSEY MONUMENT 

Park Drive and Gulf Road 

OLD SCHOOL HOUSE BUILT BY L^ETITIA PENN 

Used as a Hospital in 1778 
Now a Museum. Free and open daily 

WASHINGTON MEMORIAL CHAPEL 

Port Kennedy Road 
On private grounds but open to visitors 

HEADQUARTERS OF GENERAL VARNUM 

One mile east from Headquarters 
In charge of the Daughters of the American Revolution 

SITE OF THE FORGE 

Half-mile up the Stream from Washington's Headquarters 

FORT HUNTINGDON 

Three-fourths of a mile east from Headquarters 

FORT WASHINGTON 

One and one-half miles south from Headquarters 

LINE OF ENTRENCHMENTS 

Extending from Schuylkill River to south flank of Mount Joy 

REPRODUCTIONS OF CONTINENTAL HUTS 

Brigade and Battery Markers 

ihe headquarters of a number of Generals are located upon or near the Reservation, but 
being upon private property are not usually open to visitors. 

11 




NATIONAL MEMORIAL ARCH IN HONOR OF GEORGE WASHINGTON 

Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army of the Revolution, and His Officers, located upon the Outer Line 

Boulevard near the intersection of Gulf Road. Designed by Paul P. Cret. Cost $100,000. Dimensions, fifty 

feet high and forty feet wide at base. Material, granite. 



""^-l- 



i/-^ 



HOME OF MRS. DEBORAH HEWES, VALLEY FORGE. 
OCCUPIED BY GENERAL GEORGE WASHINGTON 
FROM DECEMBER 25th, 1777, TO JUNE 19th, 1778, AS 
HEADQUARTERS OF THE CONTINENTAL ARMY. 






Painted by Gill)ert Stuart 



GENERAL GEORGE WASHINGTON 

Commander-in-Chief 



ltii,L;ravf.i by 1 . Kelly 




VALLEY FORGE PARK COMMISSION AND ITS WORK 

"To acquire, maintain and preserve forever 

The Revolutionary CAMP GROUND at Valley Forge, 

for the free enjoyment of the people of the State." 




The Valley Forge Park Commission, created 
by the State Legislature upon May 30, 1893, met 
for organization upon June 11th following. The 
historic property thus far acquired and improved 
aggregates 1430 acres and lies in an irregular form 
in both Montgomery and Chester counties. This 
land was originally the Mt. Joy property of 
Lsetitia Penn. 

The Commissioners, in the expenditure of the 
sums thus far provided by successive legislatures, 
have created a magnificent memorial park traversed 
by perfect roadways; have restored and preserved re- 
doubts and entrenchments, erected massive markers 
of military positions; have seen placed upon its ap- 
propriate site a superb equestrian bronze of Major 
General Anthony Wayne; have erected upon Mount 
Joy a lofty observatory, and finally, having pur- 
chased the Washington Headquarters building from 
the patriotic association which had preserved it, 
have made it free to the many thousands who 
annually visit this sacred spot. Recent purchases 
of lands have more than doubled the area of 
the park. 

Memorials added to the attractions of the 
Park include the splendid National Memorial 
Arch, the shaft and bronze figure marking the 
site of the camp of the New Jersey troops and 
markers placed by the State of Pennsylvania (in 
honor of its Militia contingent) and by the State 
of Delaware. 

The present members of the Commission are: William H. Sayen, President, 1414 S. 
Penn Square, Philadelphia; John P. Nicholson, Vice-President, Philadelphia; John W. Jordan, 
Secretary, Philadelphia; J. P. Hale Jenkins, Norristown, Pa.; William A. Patton, Radnor, 
Pa.; Richmond L. Jones, Reading, Pa. 

15 




MONUMENT ERECTED BY THE STATE 
OF NEW JERSEY 




THE FOUNDATIONS OF THE FORGE DAM 



CHAPTER I 
VALLEY FORGE IN SEVENTEEN SEVENTY-SEVEN 

NINETEEN miles in a direct line northwest from the centre of Philadelphia a small 
stream, having its rise in the fertile bottoms of the Chester Valley, pours northward 
through a deep and shadowy defile into the Schuylkill River. Midway up this 
ravine, distant half a mile from the river, a small iron-working industry called the Mount 
Joy Forge had been in operation many years prior to the Revolutionary War. This forge 
was reputed to have been the first one built in the province. One report refers to its sale 
by the original owner in 1719, but Mr. Howard M. Jenkins, after a painstaking search of 
the records, states that it was built by Stephen Evans, Daniel Walker and Joseph Williams in 
1742, and was sold wholly or in part to John Potts in 1757. He also concludes that it was 
situated upon the northeastern side of the stream. It was also known as the valley forge. 
Further down the stream were a saw mill and a grist mill. Nearby, with an outlook upon 
the river, was the stone residence which was the home of Isaac Potts, grandson of John Potts, 
who operated the saw and grist mills. The occupant from whom Gen. Washington leased 
this house was Mrs. Deborah Hewes. Dating from 1773 the forge was owned by William 
Dewees, Jr., a colonel of militia. Information having reached the British officers that a 
quantity of ordnance stores and flour intended for the Continental Army was stored here, 
the enemy burned the lower mills during the march of the British column through this section 
in September, 1777. The forge was not burned. It was from this forge that many a camp- 
oven was provided with iron plates taken by the soldiers. 

16 




THE PRESENT MILL AND VALLEY ROAD 



The heights were covered by the primeval forest, but the arable land in the vicinity 
in both Montgomery and Chester counties was farmed by the thrifty Quaker and Welsh 
elements which had long been settled here. 

To the neighborhood of this retired spot came the Continental Army, upon December 
19, 1777, seventy-six days after the disastrous battle of Germantown. 

General Washington brought to this refuge from his camps in the vicinity of White 
Marsh, a place twelve miles from the city, a force of about 11,000 men. His army remained 
in its quarters upon these bleak hills six months, and during that period suffered hardships 
which have made the name of Valley Forge the synonym of all that is heroic and faithful 
in the fame of the men who served in the patriot army and finally secured to us the liberties 
under which this nation has ever since existed, prospered and multiplied. 

When the soldiers of the Continental regiments moved away from Valley Forge upon 
the evacuation of Philadelphia by the British they left, either in unmarked graves or in the 
hospitals scattered through the eastern part of the State, between three and four thousand 
of their comrades, who had succumbed to privations greater than which no army in ancient 
or modern times has been called upon to endure. 

Nothing could perhaps more significantly emphasize the misery of the time than the 
fact that no accurate or even approximate record of deaths at Valley Forge has been found, 
nor is it known with certainty where the common burial place is located. Of all the hapless 
victims of the camp but one of the multitude buried here sleeps in an identified grave. 

For a century the scene of this encampment remained without dedication to the sacred 
memory of these heroes. This reproach has been removed by the State of Pennsylvania. 

Few expenditures of money have been more wisely applied by this state in the effort to 
preserve our historic sites as object lessons for the patriotic instruction of future generations. 



17 



CHAPTER II 
IMPULSE OF THE VALLEY FORGE CENTENNIAL 

Upon June 19, 1878, the centennial of the 
withdrawal of the army from Valley Forge was 
celebrated by the presence of the Pennsylvania 
National Guards and by appropriate addresses 
from distinguished speakers. 

As a result of the patriotic impulse arising 
from this event the Valley Forge Centennial 
Association was formed and money was raised 
to purchase the old Isaac Potts house and its 
grounds, occupied by General Washington as his 
headquarters after the army had constructed its 
encampment. This was done, and the old mansion 
became a much visited place. 

Through persistent effort upon the part of 
the Association a Commission was appointed 
under an Act of the Legislature of May 30, 1893, 
to carry into effect its purpose to acquire, by the 
State of Pennsylvania, "a certain ground at 
Valley Forge for a public park." 

The general contour of the encampment 
plateau is rolling, the average elevation being 
about two hundred feet above tide, but rising to 
the westward into two rounded elevations, which 
are respectively 340 and 424 feet high, the Valley 
Creek flowing along their precipitous western bases. 
From these hills, a clear view is enjoyed of a far- 
reaching expanse of country, now largely farmed or 
occupied by splendid private estates. 

Far down the field of Valley Forge, nearly one 
mile eastward from the Huntingdon redoubt, stands 
the shaft marking the grave of John AVaterman, of 
Rhode Island, Commissary in Varnum's brigade. 
This monument is erected upon ground which, 
with its approach, was presented for the purpose 
by Major and Mrs. I. Heston Todd to the Daughters 
of the Revolution, who dedicated it upon Octo- 
ber 19, 1901, Peter Boyd, Esq., making the 
address. 

To the southward upon the elevation occupied 
by the Pennsylvanians, an equestrian statue of 
Major General Anthony Wayne was dedicated 
upon June 20, 1908. One mile eastward is a modest 
marker erected by the State of Maine to the soldiers 
of that section serving with Massachusetts troops. 
Nearby, upon the same drive, is the Massachusetts r^^^ j^^j^ WATERMAN MONUMENT, 
Memorial and the National Memorial Arch. WEST OF THE RIVER DRIVE 




18 




BRONZE MEMORIAL OF MAJOR-GENERAL ANTHONY WAYNE 

Upon Outer Line Boulevard in Front of the Site of the Cantonment of His Troops, Dedicated June 20th, 1908 



MOVEMENTS IN THE CAMPAIGN OF 1777 

May . Sir William Howe's forces, comprising 18,000 effective troops in position 

at New Brunswick and Amboy. Washington, with about 6000 Continentals, exclusive of 
cavalry and artillery and of 500 New Jersey militia (a total, according to Bryant, of 7300 
men) broke winter camp at Morristown and advanced to Middlebrook Heights, ten miles 
from New Brunswick. 

June . British army moved to Staten Island, American force still at Middlebrook. 

July 23. British fleet under Lord Howe sailed from New York with entire British 
army in command of his brother Sir William Howe, appearing briefly a week later at the 
capes of the Delaware. Washington encamped on Neshaminy Creek, 20 miles north of 
Philadelphia. 

August 20. The enemy appeared in Chesapeake Bay. On the 23d Washington's 
army marched through Philadelphia and; to Wilmington. 

The enemy disembarked upon the 25th at the Elk River, 54 miles southwest from Phila- 
delphia. 

September 11. Battle of Brandy wine. Retreat of Americans to Chester, Philadelphia 
and Germantown. Americans then numbered about 11,000 men, exclusive of Gates' com- 
mand in the North. On the 15th, Washington advanced to Warren Tavern, on the Lancaster 
Pike, a heavy storm ruined the ammunition and led to a retreat to Yellow Springs and thence 
across the Schuylkill River near Phoenixville. Howe advanced at his leisure, covering a wide 
stretch of rich country. Upon the night of September 19th, a body of Wayne's men, detached 
to operate in the rear of the British left flank, was surprised at Paoli, many being bayonetted. 

September 21. Howe's columns reached the Schuylkill River in force, crossing at 
several points above and below Valley Forge. Upon the 26th they marched into Philadelphia, 
leaving a strong force in Germantown. 

October 4. Battle of Germantown, retreat of Americans to White Marsh, about six 
miles north from Chestnut Hill. 

November 10. Lord Howe's ships invested Fort Mifflin and Fort Mercer below the 
city. An incident of this movement was the Battle of Red Bank, N. J., in which Count 
Donop, the Hessian commander, was mortally wounded. 

December 19. After an exhausting march from White Marsh via Gulf Mills, Wash- 
ington's troops arrived upon the hills at Valley Forge. Four days later nearly 3000 men 
of this force were sick or too nearly naked to do duty. 

Lord Howe's Advance on Philadelphia, 1777 

From the Diary of a British Sergeant, hitherto unpublished. 

August 25. Army landed at Elk Ferry, 1st under Cornwallis at Elk Ferry, 2d under 
Kuyphausen at Cecil Court House. 

August 28. Army marched, arrived at Head of Elk. 

August 31. Cornwallis and Grant marched 4 or 5 miles to a small place called "Iron 
Works," returned to camp. 

September 3. Troops reached Pencador 4 miles east of Elk on road to Christiana Bridge. 
Americans made a stand at the bridge, but retreated to main body. 

September 6. General Grant from Elk, with his troops, joined the army. 

September 8. Whole army marched from the left by Newark 6 miles and encamped in 
the township of Hokesson. The two armies, British and American, 4 miles apart. 

September 9. One third of army marched toward New Market, Cornwallis with his 
Division to Hokesson Meeting House, others to Kennett Square. 

20 




HEADQUARTERS OF GENERAL HOWE NEAR VALLEY FORGE IN SEPTEMBER, 1777 



September 10. 

September 11. 

September 12 
Concord. 

September 13. Cornwallis 
joined and proceeded to Ash- 
ton, 5 miles from Chester and 
encamped. 71st Regt. to 
Wilmington. 

September 16. Army in 2 
columns moved from Ashton 
toward Goshen Meeting House 
and Downingtown. 

September 17. Early 
A. M. to Yellow Springs and at 
night to White Horse, Corn- 
Wallis 2 miles beyond. 

September 18. Army 
joined and marched to Tredy- 
ffryn. Light Infantry to Val- 
ley Forge. 



All met this morning and moved toward Brandywine Creek. 
Battle of Brandywine. 
Kuyphausen's men remained on Heights. General Grant moved to 



September 20. Paoli affair. 

September 21. Army at 
Valley Forge, line extended 
from Fatland Ford to French 
Creek. Moved to Pottsgrove. 

September 22. Part of 
army crossed at Fatland Ford, 
others at Gordon's Ford. 

September 23. Whole 
army encamped, left to Schuyl- 
kill and right on Manatawny 
road, with stony run in front. 
A force detached to Swede's 
Ford. 




September 26. Force 
under Cornwallis took Phila- 
delphia.? 



21 



CHAPTER III 
THE BRITISH ARMY IN PHILADELPHIA 

Upon October 19, 1777, Sir William Howe moved his forces into the city of Philadelphia. 
The nervous suspense of the inhabitants, sustained already for many weeks, culminated, 
upon that memorable day, when a squadron of dragoons galloped down Second Street through 
•crowds of expectant onlookers, soon followed by a column of the grenadiers, brilliant in their 
red coats, red caps fronted with, silver shields. Lord Cornwallis and his staff in the lead. 
Riding with them, their faces doubtless reflecting their sense of triumph, were five civilians — 
Joseph Galloway, Enoch Story, Tench Coxe, Andrew Allen and William Allen, all bitter 
Tories, men whose names were to appear a few years later among those adjudged to be 
traitors and aliens. 

Behind the grenadiers came the hated Hessians, barbaric in their fierce mustaches, 
their uniforms of dark blue and towering brass headgear. The columns, artillery and baggage 
soon choked the central streets of the town, and staff officers were busy everywhere in securing 
buildings of suitable comfort as headquarters for their respective chiefs. With the adapta- 
bility of a trained and veteran force the army of British and mercenaries was later housed 
snugly and securely in the rear of their defenses for the coming period of comparative idleness. 
The streets were gay with brilliant groups, the taverns roaring with business, and pageantry 
•of war everywhere rife. An entrenchment was run from a redoubt at a point now the inter- 
section of Twenty-second and Chestnut streets along the eastern side of the Schuylkill River 
to the elevation at Fairmount, which has, until lately, been used as a basin of water supply. 
From a redoubt at this point the entrenchment was extended to the Delaware River along 
the ridge behind Hickory Lane (Coates Street, now Fairmount Avenue), and including 
the Bush Hill property. Behind this (see map) were aligned the regiments, just to the 
north of the present line of Callowhill Street. The old British barracks at Campingtown, 
Green Street, between Second and Third Streets, were used, and also the Bettering House 
•and other large buildings. 

The several roads leading outward in the direction of the American camps were patrolled 
as follows: Ridge Road was watched by the Yagers. The light infantry of the line guarded 
Germantown Road. The light infantry of the guard patrolled Old York (or York Town) 
Road and the Queen's Rangers (provincials) watched the Frankford Road. These outer 
guards were, in turn, covered by bodies of cavalry, which operated, in fact, in all directions 
from the town in order to afford the country people, who were often hiding in the woods with 
their supplies, a safe conduct to market. This procedure continued through the winter 
attended by constant minor conflicts. 

Both armies foraged far. In February General Wayne detoured into South Jersey to 
■obtain cattle, in which he was successful. Occasionally considerable expeditions of the 
British were sent out to forage, as in the case of the raid down the river to Salem, resulting 
in the massacre of patriot outposts upon AUoway's Creek at Quinton's Bridge and Hancock 
House. 

Within the town, where, with the soldiery, some sixty thousand people were living, the 
■ordinary affairs of life proceeded much as usual. The general attitude of the British officers 
was conciliatory and there was little of malicious destruction. Monej^ and the essentials 
of life were plenty, and some occupations flourished to an unusual degree. 

Sir William Howe had long before formed a resolution to resign the command of the 
British forces. Moved, perhaps, by the gloom which overspread the Britons after the fall 
of Count Donop at Red Bank and the spectacular destruction of the frigate Augusta and the 
sloop ^Merlin, he wrote as follows, upon the twenty-eighth of October, 1777, to the Secretary 
of State of the American Colonial Department, Lord George Germaine: 




WASHINGTON'S OFFICE APARTMENT AT VALLEY FORGE 

"From the little attention, my lord, given to ray recommendations since the commence- 
ment of my command, I am led to hope that I may be relieved from this very painful service, 
wherein I have not the good fortune to enjoy the necessary confidence and support of my 
superiors, but which, I conclude, will be extended to Sir Henry Clinton, my presumptive 
successor. By the return of the packet I humbly request I may have his Majesty's permission 
to resign." 

It should be recorded that this peevish letter gave occasion for great astonishment to 
the home authorities which had diligently promoted the means for sustaining Howe and his 
army in the field. 

In Tory circles there was much of gaiety, this culminating in the early summer with 
the fete of the famous Meschianza. 

Howe's opera bouffe "last appearance" in Philadelphia at this historic fete, with its 
mediaeval follies and flamboyant, "Thy laurels are immortal," set all of Great Britain astir 
with sardonic laughter, followed, after his arrival home, by a stormy period of recrimination 
between the crown and its supporters upon the one hand and General Howe and the opposition 
upon the other, the echoes of which reverberated to the beginning of another century. 

Thus ended the career in America of an officer who had proven himself, fortunately 
for the patriot army and cause, the most incompetent warrior in British history, a soldier 
of whom Stedman, the English historian of the Revolution, wrote sixteen years later, "None 
of his military exploits possessed either plan, object or decision, and the only fruit derived 
from the several victories of Sir William Howe, during the campaign of 1777, amounted to 
no more than the acquisition of good winter quarters for the British Army at Philadelphia." 



24 




MEMORIAL BOWLDER AND TABLET AT GULPH MILL 



CHAPTER IV 

OCCUPATION OF VALLEY FORGE BY THE 
CONTINENTAL ARMY 

When the Patriot Army moved from AYhite Marsh the matter of the winter location 
was apparently still undetermined. A wide diversity of opinion existed among the general 
oflBcers, some favoring a general assault upon the city, others proposing Wilmington, Lancaster 
and Reading. 

The first objective of the creeping army, after turning its back upon Camp Hill, was the 
opposite shore of the Schuylkill River. The advance found, upon reaching Matson's Ford, 
a force of 3,000 British awaiting them upon the opposite side. That night the Americans 
moved up to Swede's Ford and built a bridge of wagons, over which a force was thrown 
and the hills occupied around the Gulph Mills. Gulph Mills is situated about one and a 
half miles inland from the Schuylkill River and six miles from Valley Forge. The army's 
baggage was long in crossing the river and much confused. The majority of the soldiers 
slept, the first two or three nights, upon the snow-clad ground. 

The coming of the army to Valley Forge was so unexpected by the neighboring residents 
that they were taken utterly by surprise. Within a short time a military town of probably 
one thousand huts of logs had arisen and a large portion of the forest had already been sacri- 
ficed in the work of building and for fires. The stumps and brush were left along the declivity 
in front of the earthworks as a defense against storming parties. Later, when the redoubts 
were dug, a series of sharply-pointed pickets were planted between them. The redoubts 
were four feet high, with a ditch six feet wide. 

25 




WASHINGTON'S HEADQUARTERS— THE OFFICE, LOOKING TOWARD HALLWAY 




WASHINGTON'S HEADQUARTERS 

Tlie Rear, Showing Office Window and Reproduced Log Dining-Room 



General Washington occupied his usual army tent and shared the out-of-door log fires 
of the soldiery during the work of building the huts, and it was probably upon Christmas 
Day that he moved into the house which he had rented from Mrs. Deborah Hewes.* 
Upon this day he found time to write up his ledger, making the following entry: 

"To expenditures in the different and continual movements of the army from German- 
town September 15 till we hutted at Valley Forge the 2oth of December pr. mem., $1,037.00 
or £78.10." 

Washington's Military Family 

At the time of Washington's occupation of the Potts residence, his military family 
consisted of the following persons: Robert II. Harrison, Secretary, May 16, 1776, to March 
25, 1782; Tench Tilghman, Volunteer Secretary and A. D. C, August 8, 1776, to December 
23, 1783; Alexander Hamilton, A. D. C, March 1, 1777, to December 23, 1783; 
Richard K. Meade, A. D. C, March 12, 1777, to December 23, 1783; Presley P. 
Thornton, A. D. C, September 6, 1777, to — ; John Laurens, A. D. C, September 
6, 1777, to August 27, 1782; Marquis de Lafayette; Captain Caleb Gibbs, Com- 
mander of the Life Guard. 

In May of the following year Dr. James McHcnry became Secretary 
and John Fitzgerald replaced Thornton. The names of Matthew 
Clarkson and David S. Franks appear as aides-de-camp upon the 
Valley Forge oath list. 

Washington's Headquarters Building 

The surroundings of this principal existing memento of the camp 
at Valley Forge have been greatly improved. It is open every day 
throughout the year. A bronze tablet in the hall bears testimony to 
the patriotic work of the Centennial and Memorial Association of 
Valley Forge in preserving in its original condition with the aid of 
the Patriotic Order Sons of America this sacred structure until it passed 
into the custody of the State. 

The rear room is said to have been used as Washington's office, 
after a log cabin had been built in the rear for a dining-room. The 
box in which he kept his papers is to be seen between the windows. 
The wing building contained the kitchen, beneath which was a cellar, 
reached by stone steps. 

Within recent years the grounds surrounding the Headquarters 
have been extended by the removal of a number of buildings not of 
historic value and the construction of an automobile shelter. 

It is largely due to the efforts of patriotic ladies of Chester and 
Montgomery counties that not only has the Headquarters building 
been so carefully preserved, but that the entire reservation has been made, under the 
direction of the Commissioners, the splendid object lesson as it now exists. To the 
effective interest of the late Governor Samuel W. Pennypacker is chiefly due the liberal 
sums devoted to the work. 




A PRIVATE OF THE 
LIFE GUARD 



* Dr. John W. Jordan has discovered official records proving that the Potts house was owned in 1777 by Mrs. 
Deborah Hewes, who had been the widow of Thomas Potts and had married Caleb Hewes, a hatter of Philadelphia, 
in 1766. 



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Page in Washington's Ledger Including His Expenditures 
While at Valles' Force 




WASHINGTON INN 

A Portion of which was Used as an Army Bakery, Originally the Home of Colonel Wm. Dewees 

THE COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF S LIFE GUARD 

Captain Caleb Gibbs was promoted Major and Henry Philip Livingston became Captain 
of the Life Guard in December, 1777. 

Captain Gibbs acted as disbursing officer for General Washington's military household, 
holding this relation to the General from June, 1776, to the end of 1780, as shown by the 
General's accounts. 

The Commander-in-Chief's Guard was formed, originally, under an order by Washing- 
ton dated at Cambridge, March 11, 
1776. For this purpose four men 



y/ 




' FLAG OF THE LIFE GUARD 



carefully selected from each regiment 
were detailed to this duty. Caleb 
Gibbs, of Massachusetts, became 
Captain, and George Lewis, of Vir- 
ginia, a nephew of General Washing- 
ton, was appointed Lieutenant. The 
corps numbered sixty men exclusive 
of officers. 

While on duty in New York an 
attempt to poison the General was 
discovered, which involved several 
of the men, one of whom, an Irish- 
man named Hickey, was hanged in 
consequence. The guard, as reorgan- 
ized. May 1, 1777, at Morristown, 

29 



numbered fifty-six men, exclusive of officers. This body was equipped as infantry, in addi- 
tion to which a small force of horse was maintained, of which George Lewis was Captain. 
Special details from the cavalry regiments sometimes performed escort duty. ; 

The Southern troops, commanded by General Lachlin Mcintosh, of Georgia, occupied 
the hill to the left of Headquarters. General Mcintosh succeeded General Francis Nash, 
who died from wounds received at the Battle of Germantown. This Brigade was in close 
touch with Headquarters. 

Formation of the Second or Continental Army 

At the end of the year 1777 the original patriot army ceased to exist. By a resolution 
of Congress, September 16, 1776, eighty-eight battalions of eight companies each were to 
be enlisted for three years "or the war." In these new organizations the greater part of the 
one-year men re-enlisted. These new regiments were styled the Continental Line and were 
apportioned to the several States as follows: 

New Hampshire, three regiments; Massachusetts, fifteen regiments; Rhode Island, two 
regiments; Connecticut, eight regiments; New York, four regiments; New Jersey, four regi- 
ments; Pennsylvania, twelve regiments; Delaware, one regiment; Maryland, eight regiments; 
Virginia, fifteen regiments; North Carolina, nine regiments; South Carolina, six regiments; 
Georgia, one regiment. 

As far as possible the organizations of each State were formed into divisions or sub- 
divisions, and were consecutively numbered. Although officially known by their numbers 
and States, they were more commonly designated by the name of their respective colonels. 
This practice is followed in the list of officers which subscribed to the oath at Valley Forge. 

In addition to these organizations four regiments of dragoons and four of artillery were 
established, and various bodies of rangers, scouts and similar independents were continued 
from the first army or recruited for the new one. The army list contains names of two 
Canadian regiments. 

In the spring of 1778 Congress authorized new regiments of sappers and miners. 




GU.WK OF A.\ UNKNOWN SOI.DIKR 



30 




SITE OF THE STAR REDOUBT GUARDED BY VARNUM'S RHODE ISLANDERS 

CHAPTER VI 
A WORD PICTURE OF THE CAMP 

Probably the most eflfective existing word picture of the scene, when the camp had 
been estabhshed, is to be found in the memorable address of that talented young Philadelphian, 
Henry Armitt Brown, Esq., delivered at the Centennial celebration of the departure of the 
army from the camp. 

"These are the huts of Huntington's Brigade, of the Connecticut line; next to it those 
of Pennsylvanians under Conway. This is the Irish-Frenchman, soon to disappear in a 
disgraceful intrigue. Here in the camp there are many who whisper that he is a mere adven- 
turer, but in Congress they still think him a great military character. Down toward Head- 
quarters are the Southerners, commanded by Lachlan Mcintosh, in liis youth 'the handsomest 
man in Georgia.' Beyond Conway, on the hill, is Maxwell, a gallant Irishman, commissioned 
by New Jersey. Woodford, of Virginia, commands on the right of the second line, and in 
front of him the Virginian, Scott. The next'brigade in order is of Pennsylvanians — many 
of them men whose homes are in this neighborhood — Chester County boys and Quakers from 
the Valley turned soldier for their country's sake. -They" are the children of three races; the 
hot Irish blood mixes with the cooler Dutch in their calm English veins, and some of them — 
their chief, for instance — are splendid fighters. There 'he is, at this moment, riding up the 
hill from his quarters in the valley. A man of medium height and strong frame, he sits his 
horse well and with a dashing air. His nose is prominent, his eye piercing, his complexion 
ruddy, his whole appearance that of a man of splendid health and flowing spirits. He is 
just the fellow to win by his headlong valor the nickname of 'The Mad.' But he is more 
than a mere fighter. Skilful, energetic, full of resources and presence of mind, quick to com- 
prehend and prompt to act, of sound judgment and extraordinary courage, he has in him 
the qualities of a great general, as he shall show many a time in his short life of one-and-fifty 
years. Pennsylvania, in her quiet fashion, may not make as much of his fame as it deserves, 
but impartial history will allow her none the less the honor of having given its most brilliant 
soldier to the Revolution in her Anthony Wayne. Poor, of New Hampsl.ire, is encamped 
next, and then Glover, whose regiment of Marblehead sailors and fishermen manned the 
boats that saved the army on the night of the retreat from Long Island. Earned, Patterson 
and Weedon follow, and then, at the corner of the entrenchments by the river, is the Virginia 
Brigade of Muhlenberg. Born at the Trappe close by and educated abroad, Muhlenberg 
was a clergyman in Virginia when the war came on, but he has doffed his parson's gown 
forever for the buff and blue of a brigadier. His stalwart form and swarthy face are already 
as familiar to the enemy as they are to his own men, for the Hessians are said to have cried, 
'Hier kommt Teufel Pete!' as they saw him lead a charge at Brandywine. The last brigade 

31 




ANTHONY WAYNE 

Brigadier General Continental Army 1777 to 1783. Brevet Major General 1783, Major 

General and Commander-in-Chief United States Army 1792 to 1796 





HiiiGADiEH General Jed Huntington 
Connecticut 



Brigadier General Laciilan ^jcIniosh 
Georgia 





Brigadier General Charles Scott 
Virginia 



Brigadier General George W'eedon 
Virginia 





Brigadier General J. Peter G. Muhlenberg 
Virginia 



Brigadier General Enoch Poor 
New Hampshire 



is stationed on the river bank, where Varnum and his Rhode Islanders, in sympathy with 
young Laurens, of Carolina, are busy with a scheme to raise and enhst regiments of negro 
troops. These are the commanders of brigades." 

The several Major and Brigadier Generals occupied houses within short distances of 
their respective commands. 

Inspector General Baron Steuben and Brigadier Generals Conway, Smallwood, Arm- 
strong, Furman and McDougall were quartered in large huts on the Maurice Stevens property, 
just north of the field in which lies the grave of John Waterman. 

As a rule, it is said, the officers who became, with their staffs, enforced members of the 
country families proved agreeable and considerate guests. 

It is known that long after the close of the Valley Forge encampment letters of a most 
friendly character were exchanged by some of the Generals and the Valley Forge families. 




HEADQUARTERS OF MAJOR GENERAL LORD STIRLING 



34 




BRIGADIER GENERAL LOUIS L. DU PORTAIL 

Engineer of the Defenses 




HOUSE OF JOSEPH WALKER 

Headquarters ot General Anthony Wayne 



CHAPTER VII 
ROUTINE OF THE CAMP 

While the army was pushing the work of housing itself, the engineer corps was planning 
the earthworks which were to protect them. These defenses were doubtless worked slowly 
out of the frozen ground by details from the several brigades, and were not completed until 
spring. 

Upon March 27 following, the Commander-in-Chief refers to the unfinished condition 
of the "Interior Defenses," and again upon April 3 he complains of the poor work done upon 
the "new line defenses." 

Lieutenant General Sir William Howe, in his defense of his conduct of the campaign 
in America, supplies indirect, but decisive, testimony regarding the wisdom of the selection 
of the Valley Forge heights for the American Army's hibernation and also the deterrent 
effect of the toilsome entrenchments created there. He says: 

"I did not attack the entrenched position at Valley Forge, a strong point, during the 
severe season, although everything was prepared with that intention, judging it imprudent 
until the season should afford a prospect of reaping the advantages that ought to have 
resulted in success in that measure; but having good information in the spring that the 
enemy had strengthened his camp by additional works and being certain of moving him 
from thence when the campaign should open, I dropped all thoughts of attack." 

The structures which sheltered the army were built of logs and were fourteen by sixteen 
feet in dimensions. Wooden chimneys, lined with clay, were built against the rear sides. 
Twelve soldiers were housed in each hut. 

A quaint description of the scene during those early winter days at Valley Forge is 
that found in a letter written by Thomas Paine to Benjamin Franklin, who was in Paris. 

Washington offered a reward of twelve dollars in each regiment to the party doing the 
best and quickest work in building. 

It is not to be supposed that having completed their log encampment, the army lapsed 
into idleness; upon the contrary, there was much for the able-bodied to do in cutting wood 

36 




UKI'UOUUCTION OF A CUXTlNKNi Al. AKMY HIT 




REPRODUCTION OF AX ARMY HOSPITAL 



for the fires, foraging for supplies (these scarce and already difficult to find), and upon the 
part of the cavalry, a constant scouring of the country toward the city, with countless brushes 
with the outposts of the enemy. Drilling and the regulation routine were carried on daily. 

The Christmas holidays in this camp were anything but festive. Upon Christmas 
morning twelve men from each brigade were assembled upon the parade with ammunition 
and rations, who were dispatched with wagons to bring in supplies of flour, grain, cattle 
and pork. Unfortunately, shoals of loose soldiery had marauded the country ahead of them, 
abusing and robbing Tory and Patriot alike. This license Washington took measures to stop. 

Just before the New Year a party of American soldiers at Wilmington captured a ship 
in the Delaware River coming from New York, which proved to contain much that was 
valuable to the Patriot Army, especially in clothing for officers. 

It would be interesting to trace the final disposition of these goods and discover what 
proportion the regimental officers finally got and to what extent the jobbing gentlemen 
around Congress, at York, were profited by the capture. 

At the end of the year many of the soldiers were still living in tents, but as fast as the 
huts were ready the tents were delivered to the Quartermasters to be cleaned and stored for 
use in the next campaign. 

The scarcity of side arms for the officers led to the order that those not having swords 
should cease carrying guns, which tended to distract their attention from their men, and 
to obtain half-pikes. The pikes, or Aspontons, were "to be six and a half feet in length, 
one and a half inch thick in the largest part, the iron part to be one foot long." 

There is evidence that some regiments fared much better than others and that the 
Pennsylvanians, especially many of the officers, were far fi-om being destitute. 

Between December 22nd and January 28th Washington wrote five appeals to Congress 
for help. The last of this series of letters was a lengthy statement written for the use of a 
Congressional Committee then visiting the camp. This Committee was composed of Francis 
Dana, Joseph Reed, Nathaniel Folsom, John Harvie, Charles Carroll and Gouverneur Morris. 
The Committee remained here nearly three months, occupying a large house two miles west 
from the camp, known as "Moore Hall," which is still existent. 




CHAPTER VIII 
THE CRY OF DISTRESS 

Whatever may have been the disposition of its individual members to afford effective 
relief to the suffering soldiers, Congress had not the initiative power to do more than make 
representations to the States in behalf of their respective brigades. As a matter of fact, 
the body at York was but the shadow of a government. Among the unwise measures to 
which its deliberations had given birth, that which detached the Commissary Department 
from the control of the commanding General was probably one of the most mischievous. 
The baleful mark of petty jobbery seems to stamp this procedure and the effect was seen in 
confusion and waste, which were largely responsible for the misery of the Valley Forge winter. 
Fiske, the historian, cites testimony which alleges that hogsheads of shoes, stockings, hats 
and general clothing were left in the woods or by the roadside to waste because of a want 
of money and teams to get them into camp. So constant was the fear of Congress that the 
armj' would get beyond civil control, that John Adams proposed the annual election of 
generals in lieu of the issue of commissions. The spectre of Valley Forge did not weigh 
heavily upon the minds of the statesmen at York. It was a gay winter in this temporary 
capital of the new nation. 

A member of the Congressional Commission reported with regard to the scenes in the 
camp, that "the men patiently yoke themselves together in little carriages of their own 
making, using grapevines for ropes, or load their wood and provisions upon their backs." 
They seemed to the foreign officers to be devoid of all enthusiasm. 

Outposts and patrols were established across the country as far as Barren Hill, which 
is but ten miles from the centre of Philadelphia. 

Under the direction of General Sullivan a log bridge was constructed across the Schuylkill 
River at a point one mile below the mouth of the vallej' stream, its position now being marked 
by a marble stone inscribed with a record of the bloody footprints left by the shoeless soldiers 
wlio marched upon duty here. 

Long before the date of its migration from Camp Hill to Valley Forge the commands 
were very generally destitute of proper clothing, the uniforms and blankets being worn out 
with use. The resources of the country were inadequate to the problem, and as winter 
advanced the soldiers by hundreds covered their semi-nakedness and misery within their 
huts. In midwinter two thousand men were without shoes; sentries stood guard with feet 
in their hats. 

Before many weeks had passe,d a large proportion of the army had succumbed to cold 
and hunger combined, and those of the sufferers who had not perished were distributed in 
temporary hospitals through the country to the north and west. 

Upon February 1st, 3,989 men were unfit for duty for want of clothes. Lieutenant 
John Marshall, afterward Chief Justice, wrote: "Although the total of the army exceeds 
17,000 men, the present rank and file amounts to only 5012." 

On February 12th, General Varnum wrote to General Green that "in all human proba- 
bility the army must dissolve. Many of the troops are destitute of meat and are several 
days in arrears. The horses are dying for want of forage. The country in vicinity of the 
camp is exhausted." 

On the 16th of February Washington wrote to Governor Clinton: 

"For some days past there has been little less than a famine in camp. A part of the 
army has been a week without any kind of flesh, and the rest three or four days. Naked 
and starved as they are, we cannot enough admire the incomparable patience and fidelity 
of the soldiery that they have not been, ere this, excited by their sufferings to general mutiny 
and desertion." 

39 



Upon the next day John Laurens wrote: 

"The unfortunate soldiers were in want of everything; they had neither coats, hats, 
shirts nor shoes; their feet and legs froze till they became black, and it was often necessary 
to amputate them. From want of money they could neither obtain provisions nor any means 
of transport." 

One month after arrival at Valley Forge, Washington issued a proclamation requiring 
all farmers within seventy miles from his quarters to thresh one-half of all their grain before 
the first of March, in order to make sure of a supply of both grain and straw. Many details 
of soldiers were sent out to do the threshing. 

Mrs. Washington arrived at Valley Forge upon February 10. She records the fact that 
the General's apartment is small and that he has had built a log structure in which to take 
their meals. 

Food supplies continued to be gathered from the unwilling farmers by force, payment 
being made in certificates, for the redemption of which Congress had made no provisions, 
whereas, those who succeeded in getting their grain and other foods to the British Commissaries 
were paid a good price in gold. 

The annals of the country-side tend to show that by far the larger part of the farming 
people, nearly all of whom had relatives in the Patriot service, made constant sacrifices in 
order to provide help to the American Army. Bad roads and snows had much to do with 
the scarcity of food. 




BIRTHPLACE AND HOME OF MAJOR GENERAL ANTHONY WAYNE, 

Easttown, Chester Co., Pa. 




s 




^1^^^:?^: 



INNER LINE liOLLEN'ARD 

CHAPTER IX 
WASHINGTON S OPTIMISM 

In February a systematic market scheme was inaugurated, by which the Quartermasters 
were able to meet the farmers at designated places and buy such meagre supplies as they 
were able to bring. 

The constant anxiety with which historians doubtless properly credit the Commander- 
in-Chief does not find expression in his routine orders. Upon the contrary, his proclamations 
were usually optimistic beyond those of any of his Generals. 

Matters in camp were at their worst in the beginning of March, but Washington issued 
the following as a tonic to the Army : 

"Weedon Orderly Book, March 1st, 1778. 

"Thank Heaven our Country abounds with provisions and with prudent management 
we need not apprehend want for any length of time. Defects in the Commissaries Depart- 
ment, Contingencies of Weather and other Temporary Empedements have subjected and 
may again subject us to deficiency for a few days. But Soldiers, American Soldiers, will 
despise the meanness of Repining at such trifling strockes of Adversity, Trifling indeed when 
compared with the Transcendent prize which will undoubtedly crown their patience and 
perseverence." 

That the commanders of the opposing armies were constantly informed of all that took 
place in the rival camps to a degree not possible in modern armies seems certain. Washing- 
ton was especially annoyed with the intercourse between the members of the sect of "Friends." 



42 





Brigadier General William Smallwood 
Maryland 



Brigadier General Henry Knox 
Artillery, Massachusetts 





M 


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R J 


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Brigadier General Daniel Morgan 
Virginia 



Brigadier General James M. Varndm 
Rhode Island 



Upon March 20th, Washington wrote to General Lacey: 

"Sunday next being the time on which the Quakers hold one of their general meetings, 
a number of that society will probably be attempting to go into Philadelphia. This is an 
intercourse that Ave should by all means endeavor to interrupt, as the plans settled at these 
meetings are of the most pernicious tendency. I would therefore have you dispose of your 
parties in such a manner as will most probably fall in with these people." ^ i J'. . 

At this time patriotism was at a low ebb throughout the country, and the belief grew 
that it was only a question of time when the little army must dissolve and all who had taken 
part in the Revolutionary movement suffer punishment at the hands of the victorious 
British. 



To acknowledge the U Ml TED STATES of A ME 
RiCA, to be Free, Independent and Sovereign States, an-i 
declare that the people thereof owe oo allegiance or obedi- 
ence to George the Third, King of Great -Britain, and I re- 
ntsance, refuie and abjure any allegiance or obedknj'e to •siin ; 
and I do ^i4^-^^^i>y^ — " that I will to thf litmofr of 
mv power, fupport, maintain and ctcfeed the ii\& Uiiitcd 
Stye's, againft the faid King George the Third, \m belr$ and 
fuQceffor3 and- his and their a'wttors, ajTifent^ a»d adh||ients, 
and will fervc the faid United States in the office of Mg-^s^ 
y'^^.^^j,.^./^ _-— — " — which I new hold with ^jdelir/, 
'^according to the beft oi" my \\ 'i'. ^fi urdcr;^-:- U-- 



t^tro'irT-^ 'U^iPy-£- iZf--^^ ^S-ryty -Jt- /^^ 



9' /f •'''' "-^ 




^^ >•«- -■■//; 



FROM ORIGINAL OF 0.\TH OF ALLEGIANCE SIGNED BY MA.IOR GENERAL ARTHUR ST. CLAIR 

The " Conway Cabal " 

In his own camp, for a considerable time, unknown to Washington, a conspiracy, which 
history has designated as the "Conway Cabal," was fomented for the purpose of displacing 
the General in command with Gates, the captor of Burgoyne. In this cabal were General 
Conway, a French-Irish "soldier of fortune," together with Mifflin, Wilkinson, James Lovell, 
Samuel Adams and Richard Henry Lee, each of whom had some personal grudge against 
Washington. The movement failed, as it deserved to do, and the Father of his Country 
continued to hold the love and admiration of his ragged and faithful army. It was due to 
the discovery of this treachery that the famous Valley Forge oath was required of all officers. 

The oath was administered under the direction of General Wayne. 

During the winter large numbers of prisoners were gathered at the camp and frequent 
flags of truce went to Philadelphia, to obtain such supplies for them as the enemy might 
choose to send them. 



44 



Pennsylvania fs. 

T t7^'^^^ — >-- - _ , ., . ,.. , 

J, voluntarily inlilted 

a Soldier, until the Firft Day of January^ 1778, unlefs fooner 
difcharged, in the Troops ordered to be railed by the Affem- 
bly of Pennfylvania, and fubjefting myfelf to fuch Rules and 
Articles, as are or fhaJl be made or direftcd by the faid Affem- 
bly, for regulating and governing the faid Troops, — do hereby 
folcmnly promife and «>^<^-*'*' that, in this Service, I will truly 
and faithfully obey the prefent and any Affembly of this Colony, 
and, in their Recefs, any Committee of Safety by them ap- 
pointed for the Time being, and, in Purfuance of their Direc- 
tion and Command, fuch Officers as fhall be placed in Authority 
over me; — and that I will, to the utmoft of my Power, defend 
the Rights and Liberties of this Province, and of America 
in general, and will oppofe and refill any Force or Enernies- 
;hat fliall a<St, or be employed, againfl them. 

So help me (^".^ - 
>'""'"'■" before me -r-vX-'^^V^ 






A FORM OF ENLISTMENT 




HOME OF CAPTAIN JOHN DAVIS 

One of Wayne's Officers, now Owned by the A. J. Cassatt Estate 




HEADQUARTERS OF BRIGADIER GENERAL DANIEJ. MUHGAN 



CHAPTER X 
THE COMING OF BARON STEUBEN 

Washington's marked preference for the foreign officers certainly bred heart-burnings 
among his native brigadiers and, in fact, with the officers generally. Many of the Frenchmen 
assumed airs of superiority over their American comrades of equal rank. They also under- 
rated the silent, stern determination of the Americans to achieve independence. Washington's 
attitude of diplomatic good-will toward the foreigners was, however, to finally justify his 
patience and good sense. 




MAJOR GENERAL FREDERICK WILLIAM VON STEUBEN 

When matters were at their worst, there came to Washington, with an offer of his services 
and sword, a veteran General of Prussia, Frederick William Von Steuben. This officer was 
made Inspector General, a place previously filled by the impotent Conway. 

General Steuben was the son of an officer in the German Army. He had served upon 
the staff of Frederick the Great, had been grand marshal of the Prince Hohenzollern-Hech- 
ingen, and was a traveller of distinction. At Paris he had met Franklin and Beaumarchais, 

48 




IIEADQl AllTEK.'^ C)I BUK.ADIKU t.ENKRAl. J. 1'1:T1;J{ (.. MUHLENBERG 




HEADQUARTERS OF MAJOR GENERAL THOMAS MIFFLIN 




HEADQUARTERS OF LORD CORNWALLIS NEAR VALLEY FORGE, IN SEPTEMBER, 1777 
While the British Army was in Occupation of this Section before Advancing to Philadelphia 

and thus became interested in the American cause. He had travelled from Boston to York, 
Pa., in sleighs in company with his military secretary, going thence to Valley Forge. 

This was the beginning of salvation. Within a few days Washington had found the work 
for the old disciplinarian. He was announced to the army as its new drill master. 

Baron Steuben is said to have been astounded by the condition of the army as he found 
it. His French cook, whom he had brought across the seas, abandoned his job in disgust 
and fled to the fatherland. 

In addition to the universal epidemic of colds, smallpox ravaged the camp, and the men, 
borne down by the awful weight of their sufferings, could hardly be dragged to their daily 
work. Deserters and spies were executed as an example, and the generals were busy with 
threats and entreaties. 

The great men who had less than a brief year and a half before so resolutely affixed their 
signatures to the defiant Declaration of Independence, were now largely replaced in Congress 
by those of smaller calibre and less exalted ideals. Regarding them, Livingston wrote in 
this severe strain: "I am so discouraged by our public mismanagement, and the additional 
load of business thrown upon me by the villainy of those who pursue nothing but accumulating 
fortunes to the ruin of their country that I almost sink under it." 

Clearly, Congress was afraid of Washington and the shadow of his dominant figure in 
the field. It was urged by some that there should be thirteen armies, each to be responsible 
to and look out for its own State. 

Both in the civil service and the army there were many who at this time, impressed by 
the seeming invincibility of the enemy, were chiefly occupied with the question of their 
personal safety and the protection of their property when the national project came to its 
impending end. In one of his letters to Congress from Valley Forge Washington called atten- 
tion to the fact that within a half year not less than three hundred officers had resigned and 

50 



gone home. These men were, doubtless, largely influenced in their action by the manifest 
inability of Congress to extend that eSicient support to the army necessary to its existence. 
There were men holding high commissions in the service who engaged in private negotia- 
tions with the Peace Commission which, coming from the King, expended several inefi'ectual 
months in their efforts to undermine the army and purchase the representatives of the people. 
Notwithstanding the suffering, there was much boisterous fun in the camps, for the 
American soldier must laugh sometimes, and there seems to have been the popular rage for 
the lottery, which was then a government institution. 

Immediately after Steuben began his task he formed one picked company, as already 

stated, and drilled them as a model for the others, 
laboring under the great disadvantage of a lack of 
English words, but the soldiers cheered his savage 
German oaths, and he soon became popular with 
the rank and file. By consent of Congress and 
General Washington he introduced a modified form 
of Prussian tactics, and before the end of the period 
in camp he had created an army of disciplined 
soldiers and schooled officers fit to command 
them. 

The order-loving spirit of Steuben began also 
to be reflected in the proclamations made from 
headquarters and by the Brigade Commanders. 
There was an effective policing of the Camps. 

The deaths among the common soldiers were 
so constant that there was little pretense of cere- 
mony, and it may have been to modify the con- 
trast presented by the pageantry of the funerals of 
officers with those of the rank and file that AYashington 
issued an order upon this subject. 

AYashington continued to anticipate, day by 
day, definite news of a favorable nature from 
France. Anticipating possible delay or failure in 
this quarter, YVashington had already been author- 
ized by Congress to requisition Pennsylvania, Mary- 
land and Y'irginia for 5,000 militia. 

The welcome accorded to General Charles Lee 
upon his return to the Army by exchange, April 21st, 
was most spectacular and flattering to him. The 
Commander-in-Chief made him his personal guest. 
He at once gave him the command of the right 
wing of the Army. Lee's subsequent conduct 
proved him unworthy of the plaudits of his fellow- 
soldiers or of the confidence of Washington. 
Regarding Lee's reception, Elias Boudinot wrote upon the same day: 
"All of the principal officers of the Army were drawn up in two lines, advanced of the 
camp about 2 miles toward the Enemy. Then the Troops with the inferior officers formed 
a line quite to head-quarters — all the Music of the Army attended. The General with a 
great number of principal Officers and their Suites rode about four miles on the road tow^ard 
Philadelphia, and waited until Gen'l Lee appeared. General Washington dismounted and 
rec'd Gen'l Lee as if he had been his Brother. He passed thro' the lines of OflScers and the 
Army, who paid the highest military Honors, to Headquarters, where Mrs. Washington was 

51 




VON STEUBEN MONUMENT ERECTED 
BY THE NATIONAL GERMAN-AMERI- 
CAN ALLIANCE, 1915 




IIIAIHOI AK 11 1!S OV MA.lOl! CKNKKAl. MAlUvH IS 01' I.Al" AYK T TK 




iii'AinoiAKri'Ks OV i!Kn;APiri; ^,lM■l;\l luos ukmmoko 




UhMAii Ali/IKR~. Ol iiUH-. '»K.V, L()i:\r, L. \)\: COIilAIf, 



and here he was entf:rt,ainf;fl with an ologant Dinner anrl tfif; mu.sie j>laying the whole lirne," 
Jiy Washington's orders, Ayjril 22nd was observed in the Valley For{.;e Carnps as "a 
day of fasting, humiliation and prayer." 

The answer of Divine Providenee was already upon tlie stas, and home by hard-riding 
eouriers from sea-eoast to the inland hills it came to the knowledge of Washington upon May 
day. One week later he issued the following general onler, which was the beginning of the 
end in a war destined to continue nearly tliree years longrr beforf: its f>bjef:ts w>:r<: ciU-cicd: 




Kr;iNS 01- jish <a:lv mill 



CHAPTER XI 
THE FRENCH ALLIANCE 

" It having pleased the Almighty Ruler of the universe to defend the course of the United 
States, and Bnally raise up a powerful friend among the princes of the earth, to establish 
our Liberty and Independence upon a lasting foundation, it becomes us to set apart a day 
for gratefully acknowledging the Divine goodness, and celebrating the important event 
which we owe to His Divine interposition. The 
several brigades are to assemble for this pur- 
pose at nine o'clock to-morrow morning, when 
their chaplains will commvmicate the informa- 
tion contained in the postscript of the Penn- 
sylvania Gazette of the 2nd instant, and offer up 
a thanksgiving and deliver a discourse suitable 
to the event. At half-past ten o'clock a cannon 
will be fired, which is to be the signal for the 
men to be under arms. The Brigade inspectors 
will then inspect their dress and arms, and 
form the battalions according to the instructions 
given them, and announce to the commanding 
officers of the brigade that the battalions are 
formed. The commanders of brigades will then 
appoint the field officers to the battalions, after 
w'hich each batallion will be ordered to load and 
ground their arms. At half-past seven o'clock 
a second cannon will be fired as a signal for 
the march; upon which the several brigades 
will begin their march by wheeling to the right 
by platoons, and proceed by the nearest way 
to the left of their ground by the new position. 

This will be pointed out by the Brigade Inspectors. A third signal will then be given, on 
which there will be a discharge of thirteen cannon; after which a running fire of the infantry 
will begin on the left of the second line and continue to the right. Upon a signal given, the 
whole army will huzza, 'Long Live the King of France.' The artillery then begins again and 
fires thirteen rounds; this will be succeeded by a second general discharge of musketry, in a 
running fire, and huzza, 'Long Live the Friendly European Powers.' The last discharge of 
thirteen pieces of artillery will be given, followed by a general running fire and huzza, ' The 
American States. 

The Commander-in-Chief and staff were the guests of the New Jersey troops during 
the religious services of the day, after which the general officers of the command joined him 
at the Potts mansion, whereat was served one of those famous dinners for which Washington 
always manifested a fondness. 

The length and breadth of Washington's exuberance upon the arrival of the good news 
cannot be more efl'ectively shown than in the fact that two soldiers awaiting execution in 
the camp were pardoned and restored to the ranks by him in testimony of his joy. When 
we consider how rarely the Commander-in-Chief modified or reversed the finding of his 
courts-martial and how vainly, at Newburgh, it was sought to save Andre, we may realize 
the meaning of this gift of life to men who, perhaps, did not deserve it. 

Official confirmation of the great fact that Benjamin Franklin and his associate Commis- 
sioners had succeeded in their mission to the French Court had arrived upon April 13th, when 




Benjamin Franklin 

To whose Diplomatic Skill was Largely Due the 

Sending of French Assistance to America 



54, 



the French frigate La Sensible sailed into Falmouth (now Portland) harbor, bringing, as 
bearer of dispatches, Simeon Deane, brother of Commissioner Silas Deane. The news reached 
Congress at York upon May 2 2d. 

One of the most difficult problems in the administration of this far scattered camp was 
that of the control of liquor. Most of the courts-martial had their origin in quarrels caused 
by drunkenness. The sutlers were held accountable, and all taverns, except a few under 
special license, within a wide territory around the camp, were prohibited from selling anything 
drinkable. Occasionally, as upon January 1, 1778, the Commander-in-Chief ordered grog for 
the whole army. Prices for liquor sold in the camp were determined by Boards of Officers. 

Spring found the camps still destitute of blankets and clothing, those best provided 
having come hither from the Northern Army. There were sick in every hut, and a good 




MAJOR GENERAL NATHANIEL GREENE 

bedding of straw was the best that most of the men could hope for. As the season advanced 
the mud was removed from between the logs to afford ventilation, and details were paraded 
for bathing in Valley Stream and the river. One week before the camp was abandoned a 
portion of the army resumed its tents. 

The men were drilled hard and often under the watchful eye of Steuben. 

It is said of the old martinet that he was up at three o'clock, took a smoke, had his coffee, and 
before daylight, was about the camp watching the process of starting the day's routine accord- 
ing to every proper formality, and short-comings were not tolerated in either officer or man. 

Washington's spies warned him soon after the announcement of the French Alliance 
that there were evidences of activities upon the part of the enemy in the city. 

Upon May 8, at a council of war held at Valley Forge, the Commander-in-Chief stated 
that upon that date the Continental force numbered 15,000, not including horse and artillery, 
and that of this number 11,800 were at Valley Forge, the remainder being at Wilmington, 
and on the North River. 

55 



..^' 





MAJOR GENERAL PAUL J. G. M. DE LAFAYETTE 



CHAPTER XII 
THE MARQUIS DE LAFAYETTE 

Eight days after the Alliance celebration the General issued an order, which began 
the active campaign of the year 1778. Major General Lafayette, a youth of but twenty 
years, was placed in command of a picked force of 2,500 men, infantry, artillery and horse, 
to proceed in the direction of Philadelphia and observe the enemy. 

This young French nobleman had proven the sincerity of his admiration of America 
and advocacy of the struggle, by leaving behind him his young wife, a daughter of the Duke 
de Noailles, and coming to America at the head of a party of other foreigners, including 
Baron de Kalb and eleven other French, German and Polish officers. The leaky ship in 
which they ventured narrowly escaped wreck upon the South Carolina coast. 

After a long journey through the Southern forests to Philadelphia, Lafayette and his 
associates were met with a cold rebuff from the consequential chairman of the Committee 
of Congress on Foreign Affairs (Lovell). Lafayette appealed directly to Washington, and 
upon July 31, 1777, he was appointed by Congress a Major General. Like Washington, he 
served without pay. 

Lafayette, while acting upon Washington's staff, was wounded at Brandywine. Later 
in the year, at White Marsh, he was given a command of a division whose Commander, 
General Adam Stephen, had been dismissed from the Army. 

It must have been inspiring to those who witnessed the "forward march" of the resolute 
column, which the dashing boy commander led down from the hills of Valley Forge. Barren 
Hill was reached upon the 18th of May. 

This expedition narrowly escaped capture upon the morning of the 20th, by a large 
force of British which approached from two directions. Lafayette succeeded, by almost a 
miracle, in regaining the west shore of the Schuylkill River, the army at Valley Forge pouring 
down tumultuously to help him. 

The column of 5,000 men under General Grant, having marched all night from Phila- 
delphia, had gained the rear of Lafayette's camp undiscovered at daybreak. When first 
observed they were ranged along the Matson's Ford Road, the head of the column at the 
junction with the Ridge Road. The distance from this point to the ford is two miles. It is 
an equal distance southward to Barren Hill. A body of light cavalry discovered the Americans 
hastening in disorder across the fields and through the woods toward the ford, which was 
by this rough "short cut" three miles from Barren Hill. The British commander had only 
to advance his force down the hill in the direct course of his march to certainly intercept 
and capture the flying Americans, but once more Fate intervened to assist the cause of Free- 
dom in the person of a thick-headed British general, who insisted upon guiding his sleepy 
and tired soldiers down the Ridge Road toward the Church at Barren Hill. 

Probably upon no event during the course of the war did the future history of America 
depend more truly than upon the decision made, that summer morning, at Harmonville 
crossroads, and seldom in the history of warfare has a commander been blessed with such 
unhoped-for "good luck" as attended Lafayette that same morning. 

Lieutenant John Marshall wrote from Valley Forge of the hard ride of Washington and 
a large party of officers to a point commanding a view, several miles distant, of the retreat 
of Lafayette's column at sunrise. 

Lieutenant Colonel Simcoe, in command of the Queen's Rangers, led the column of 
General Grant which was sent out from Philadelphia to cut off the troops of Lafayette, and 
explains the failure to do so to a halt made due to an uncertainty regarding the proper road. 

Among the soldiery sent to the Valley Forge Camp from the Northern Army were a 
considerable party of Oneida Indians. These men were employed largely as scouts. The 

57 




Brigadier General John Glover 
Massachusetts 



^[AJOR General Lord Stirling 

(William Alexander) 

New Jersey 




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Lieutenant John Trdmbdll 

Soldier and Artist 

Pennsylvania 



Lieutenant Colonel Alexander Hamilton 




•AiiiXA. it\KK nil. VALLEY STREAM 



Oneidas were the only "Nation" of the famed Iroquois Confederation which took sides with 
the Colonists; the Five "Nations" to the westward, in New York State, having been under 
the influence of Butler and other Tories, declared for the British. 

In the ceaseless attrition of outposts and raiding parties these aborigines were doubt- 
less the objects of much wholesome dread upon the part of the predatory enemy. 

General Greene had been appointed Quartermaster General in March, much to the 
advantage of the service. 

With the preparations for the summer large quantities of new equipment were received 
and distributed. The army still remained a picturesque thing of patches, but there was an 
end to inefficiency in the commissary service. 

Washington's numerous spies in Philadelphia confirmed his own intuitions that the 
enemy was contemplating a move from a position rapidly becoming untenable. 

In the patriot camp the warm weather restored the spirits and energies of the soldiers, 
who were constantly drilled, inspected and marched up and down the hills to fit them for 
battle or the pursuit of the enemy, as the case might require. 





HEADQUAIil IK- (»l liliUiADIER GENERAL .li»ll.\ KNOX 




HEADQUARTERS OF MAJOR GKNKIIAL BARON OK KALH 



t 







MKMOKIAI, TO THK TKf)f)l'S f)F MASSArUCSK'l'IS 
Dedicated June lOlh, 101 I 

CHAPTER XIII 
DEPARTURE OF THE ARMY FROM VALLEY FORGE 

The movement of the army from Valley Forge began upon June 18, immefliately upon 
the receipt of news brought by George Roberts that Chnton's forces were leaving Philadelphia, 
18,000 strong. Maxwell's brigade was rushed across the country into New Jersey to bum 
bridges ahead of the slow moving column of the enemy, hampered as it was with many miles 
of wagons containing all kinds of plunder and a large number of Tory followers. The army 
left Valley Forge with such haste that half-baked bread was left in the ovens and the country 
people found many forgotten implements in the huts. 

On the 21st the main army crossed the Delaware River at Coryell's Ferry, and a 
week later came upon the flanks of the enemy. Then was fought the Battle of Monmouth. 

We may well imagine the fierce joy with which the Americans, now for the first time 
the pursuers, and with the memories of Paoli and the sufferings of Valley Forge fresh 
within them, threw themselves upon the great red serpent of the enemy now crawling 
painfully across the hot sands of New Jersey toward the sea and safety. 

It is said that aVjout three thousand Tories left Philadelphia upon the British fleet. 
Clinton's column was heavily impeded by not only baggage, but by additional Tory families 
and their possessions. Extending along the Jersey roads for many miles it offered an easy mark 
for the Continentals. General Charles Lee, whose strange behavior at Monmouth brought 
upon him the wrath of Washington and rleprived the patriots of a decisive victory, was 
proven, nearly eighty years after the event, to have l>een a traitor and a tool of the enemy. 




^ 



-\\ 




OLD SCHOOL HOUSE ON WASHINGTON LANE 

Now a museum. Guide books and souvenirs 

Built in 1705 by Ltetltia, a daughter of William Penn. Tradition has it that the building 
was used as a hospital by the army surgeons. This interesting structure forms a convenient 
place of refuge for visitors in the vicinity in case of showers. 

It was only after painstaking research upon the part of the late Governor Pennypacker and 
the Valley Forge Park Commissioners that the historic value of this quaint little relic of 
Colonial days was brought to light. It is located in the Valley to the south of Mount Joy, 
upon Washington Lane. Nearly opposite is the school house in which the children of the 
neighborhood are now instructed. The artillery was parked in this immediate vicinity, 
which was the centre of the cantonment. 




INTERIOR OF OLD SCHOOL HOUSE 

Arranged as a typical country school of Colonial days. A free collection of interesting relics is to be seen 

here. This is the oldest school buildinf; in America 



CHAPTER XIV 
VALLEY FORGE IN AFTER YEARS 

The army turned its back upon a ruined region. Fences, forests, farm animals, domestic 
utensils, all had disappeared. In payment for their supplies and toil the residents held only 
wads of dirty Continental script, which was afterward repudiated by the government without 
a shadow of justice. Where the blare of the trumpet or the roll of the funeral drums had 

echoed, where fires had glowed along the hills 
at night, silence and desolation reigned. It 
was only after a generation that the people 
roundabout fully recovered from the iron heel 
of war. 

About 1794 the Headquarters Mansion was 
sold by Isaac Potts to Jacob Paul of German- 
town, whose family lived there until 1826. It 
was then bought by a co-operative community 
from Scotland, upon the failure of which James 
Jones, one of its members, acquired it and 
occupied the place until 1850 or later. (Wood- 
man's History of Valley Forge.) 

Washington visited the old camp ground 
in 1787, and it is stated by Woodman, in his 
liistory, that in the summer of 1796 he again 
came, one day, accompanied only by a negro 
servant, and walked over the hills of Valley 
Forge, conversing with persons he met, one 
of whom was the historian's father. Doubtless 
many others of those who dwelt here in the 
winter of our darkest days as a young nation, 
also revisited the spot with emotions of both 
sadness and triumph as long as veterans of the Revolution continued to live, but in 
course of time a busy nation all but forgot Valley Forge and its heroic story. 

The Tribute of a British Officer 

Eleven years after the close of the war, Stedman, the English historian of the struggle, 
himself a soldier under Howe, Clinton and Cornwallis, had the courage to conclude his two 
volumes (quoted upon other pages of this book) with the following impartial summary : 

"While the natural strength and spirit of Great Britain were embarrassed and encum- 
bered with the disadvantages and errors now enumerated, the Americans, in spite of a thou- 
sand difficulties and wants, by the energy of liberty, the contrivance of necessity, and the 
great advantages arising from the possession of the country, ultimately attained their object. 
The Americans indeed were not fired with that enthusiastic ardour which nations of a warmer 
temperament, in all ages, have been wont to display in the cause of freedom. But they were 
guided by wise councils, they were steady and persevering, and, on all great occasions, not 
a little animated by the courage of General Washington, who has been proverbially called a 
Fabius, but in whose character courage, in fact, was a feature still more predominant than 
prudence. The American generals, having the bulk of the people on their side, were made 
acquainted with every movement of the British army and enabled, for the most part, to 
penetrate their designs. To obtain intelligence, on which so much depends, was to the 
British commanders a matter of proportionable diflaculty. The Americans had neither 




A SOLDIER'S BAKE OVEN 



63 




TYPF,S OF BRITISH SOLDIERY OF GENERAL HOWE'S ARMY IN PHILADELPHIA, 1777-78 

1. Duke of Cornwall's Light Infantry (Paoli Massacre) 4. Forly-sccond Highlanders, Black Watch (Paoli Massacrel 

2. Twenty-second Foot 5- Grenadier 

3. Seventeenth Light Dragoons C. Sergeant, Cold Stream Guards 

7. Twentieth Foot 



money nor credit: But they learned to stand in need only of a few things; to be contented 
with the small allowance that nature requires: to suffer as well as to act. 1'heir councils, 
animated by liberty, under the most distressing circumstances, took a grand and high-spirited 
course, and they were finally triumphant. 

"The Revolution in America, though predicted by philosophy, was generally considered 
as a remote contingency, if not a thing wholly ideal and visionary. Its immediate causes 
were altogether unforeseen and improbable. It came as a surprise upon the world: and 
men were obliged to conclude, either that the force of Great Britain was ill-directed, or that 
no invading army, in the present enlightened period, can be successful where the people 
are tolerably united." 

GENERAL RETURN OF THE CONTINENTAL ARMY 
ENCAMPED AT VALLEY FORGE, DEC. 31, 1777 



First Maryland Brigade 

1st Maryland Regt. (Col. John H. Stone). 
3d Maryland Regt. (Col. Mordecai Gist). 
5th Maryland Regt. (Col. William Rich- 
ardson). 

7th Maryland Regt. (Col. John Gumby). 
Delaware Regt. (Col. David Hall). 

Second Maryland Brigade 

4th Maryland Regt. (Col. Josiah C. Hall). 
6th Maryland Regt. (Col. Otho Williams). 
2d Maryland Regt. (Col. Thos. Price). 
Col. Hazen's Regt. 

(The names of commanders of the Mary- 
land Regiments are taken from the roster 
of July. 1778.) 

Brig. -Gen. J. Peter G. Muhlenberg's 
Brigade of Greene's Division 

1st Virginia Regt. (Col. Richard Parker). 

5th Virginia Regt. (Col. A. Buford). 

9th Virginia Regt. (Lieut. Col. Burgess 
Ball). 

Virginia State Regt. (Col. George Gil^son). 

German Regt. (Lieut. Col. Lewis Weltnerj. 

13th Virginia Infantry (Col. William 
Russelij. 

Brig. -Gen. George Weedon's Brigade of 
Greene's Division 

2d Virginia Regt. (Lieut. Col. Charles 
Dabnayj. 

6th Virginia Regt. (Col. John Gibson). 

10th Virginia Regt. (Col. John Green). 

14th Virginia Regt. (Lieut. Col. Wm. 
Davis j. 

13th Pennsylvania Regt. (Col. Walter 
Stewart;. 

(Raised as State Regiment of Foot March 
1st, 1777.J 



Brig. -Gen. Wm. Maxwell's Brigade of 
Sullivan's Division 

1st New .Jersey Regt. (Col. Mathias 
Ogden). 

2d New Jersey Regt. (Col. Israel Shreve). 

3d New Jersey Regt. (Col. Elias 
Dayton). 

4th New .Jersey Regt. (Lieut. -Col. David 
Rhea). 

Brig. -Gen. Wm. Woodford's Brigade 

3d Virginia Regt. (Col. Wm. Ileth). 

7th Virginia Regt. (Col. Alex. McClana- 
chan). 

11th Virginia Regt. (Col. Daniel Mor- 
gan). 

15th Virginia Regt. (Col. David Mason). 

Brig. -Gen. Charles Scott's Brigade 

4th Virginia Regt. (Col. Isaac Read). 

8th Virginia Regt. (Col. Abraham Bow- 
man). 

12th Virginia Regt. (Lieut. Col. Levin 
Joynes) . 

Col. Wm. Grayson's Regt. (Infantry at 
large). 

Col. .John Patton's Regt. (additional In- 
fantry Regt., Pennsylvania line). 

First Pennsylvania Brigade 
Wayne's Division 

1st Pennsylvania Regt. (Col. .James 
Chambers) . 

2d Pennsylvania Regt. (Col. Henry 
Bicker) . 

7th Pennsylvania Regt. (Lieut. Col. David 
GrierJ. 

*Col. Thos. Hartley's (additional Regt. 
Lieut. Col. Morgan Connorj. 

♦Acting Brigade Commander, 



65 



Second Pennsylvania Brigade 
Wayne's Division 

4th Pennsylvania Regt. (*Lieut. Col. Wm. 
Butler). 

5th Pennsylvania Regt. (Col. Francis 
Johnston) . 

8th Pennsylvania Regt. (Col. Daniel Brod- 
head). 

11th Pennsylvania Regt. (Col. Richard 
Hampton). 

Brig.-Gen. Anthony Wayne acting Divi- 
sion Commander. 

* Acting Brigade Commander. 

Brig.-Gen. John Patterson's Brigade of 
DeKalb's Division 

10th Regt., Massachusetts Infantry, (Col. 
Thos. Marshall). 

11th Regt., Massachusetts Infantry, (Col. 
Benj. Tupper). 

12th Regt., Massachusetts Infantry, (Col. 
Saml. Brewer). 

14th Regt., Massachusetts Infantry, (Col. 
Gamaliel Bradford). 

Late Brig.-Gen. Conway's Pennsylvania 
Brigade of Stirling's Division 

3d Regt., Pennsylvania Infantry, (Col. 
Thos. Craig). 

6th Regt., Pennsylvania Infantry, (Lieut. 
Col. Josiah Harmer). 

9th Regt., Pennsylvania Infantry, (Lieut. 
Col. George Nagel). 

12th Regt., Pennsylvania Infantry, (Col. 
Wm. Cooke). 

Col. Malcolm's Regt. 

Col. Spencer's Regt. 

Brig.-Gen. Enoch Poor's Brigade 

1st Regt., New Hampshire Infantry, (Col. 
Joseph Cilley). 

2d Regt., New Hampshire Infantry, (Col. 
Nathan Hale). 

3d Regt., New Hampshire Infantry, (Col. 
Alexander Scammell). 

2d Regt., New York Infantry, (Col. Philip 
Cortlandt). 

4th Regt., New York Infantry, (Col. 
Henry Livingston). 

Brig.-Gen. John Glover's Brigade 

1st Regt., Massachusetts Infantry, (Col. 
Joseph Vose). 

4lh Regt., Massachusetts Infantry, (Col. 
Wm. Sheppard). 



13th Regt., Massachusetts Infantry. (Col. 
Edward Wigglesworth). 

15th Regt., Massachusetts Infantry, (Col. 
Timothy Bigelow). 

Brig.-Gen. Ebenezer Learned's Brigade 
Baron DeKalb's Division 

2d Regt., Massachusetts Infantry, (Col. 
John Bailey). 

8th Regt., Massachusetts Infantry, (Col. 
Michael Jackson). 

9th Regt., Massachusetts Infantry, (Col. 
James Wesson). 

16th Regt., Massachusetts Infantry, (Col. 
Henry Jackson). 

Brig.-Gen. James M. Varnum's Brigade 

1st Regt., Rhode Island Infantry, (Col. 
Christopher Greene). 

2d Regt., Rhode Island Infantry, (Col. 
Israel Angell). 

4th Regt., Rhode Island Infantrj', (Col. 
John Durkee). 

8th Regt., Rhode Island Infantry, (Col. 
John Chandler). 

Brig.-Gen. Jedediah Huntington's 
Brigade 

1st Regt., Connecticut Infantry, (Lieut. 
Col. Samuel Prentice). 

2d Regt., Connecticut Infantry, (Col. 
Charles Webb). 

5th Regt., Connecticut Infantrj', (Col. 
Philip B. Bradley). 

7th Regt., Connecticut Infantry, (Col. H. 
Swift). 

Brig.-Gen. Lachlan Mcintosh's Brigade, 
(Sullivan's Division) 

1st North Carolina Regt. (Col. Thomas 
Clark). 

2d North Carolina Regt. (Col. John Pat- 
ton). 

3d North Carolina Regt. (Col. Jethro 
Sumner). 

4th North Carolina Regt. (Col. Thos. 
Polk). ^ 

5th North Carolina Regt. (Lieut. Col. Wm. 
L. Davidson). 

6th North Carolina Regt. (Col. Gideon 
Lamb) . 

7th North Carolina Regt. (Col. James 
Hogun). 

8th North Carolina Regt. (Col. James 
Armstrong). 

9th North Carolina Regt. (Col. John 
Williams). 



The returns of the artillery and cavalry arms with the army at Valley Forge are not 
included in the above Department Records. 



66 



NOTES AND CITATIONS 

The British Army at Valley Forge 

Sept 18 1777 

A man sent out discovered upwards of 3800 Barrels of Flour, Soap and Candles, 25 Barrels 
of Horse Shoes, several thousands of tomahawks and Kettles, and Intrenching Tools and 20 
Hogsheads of Resin in a Barn 3 miles from here at the Valley Forge. 

Sept 20th 1777. Weather extremely fine. At 2 o'clock in the morning the guards moved 
and posted themselves with the Light Infantry at the Valley Forge. Waggons employed 
in carrying off from the magazine there the rebel stores. This morning at 5 the rebel centries 
fired on the guards who took the whole. They slightly wounded one of our officers. — Journal 
of Capt. John Montressor, Chief Engineer British Army. 

(This was the night of the Paoli massacre.) 

Upon September 21st, 1777, 14,000 British troops were camped along the road from 
Fountain Inn to the Fatland ford. The soldiers plundered all the houses and barns in the vicinity. 

Journal of Capt. John Montressor, Chief Engineer British Army. 

Sept 21st 1777 

.\t 5 this morning the Army moved, marched to the Valley Forge and 2 miles more to 
Moor Hall making 5 miles and there camped. We found the houses full of military stores. 

"The elegant seat of the late William Moore, Esq., near 600 acres, a very valuable grist 
mill; the River Schuylkill which bounds the lands for some distance affords a great shad 
fishery during the season." — Rental adver., 1783. 

Among the active troops in the British service in front of Philadelphia, the Queen's 
Rangers, a regiment composed of loyalists, was sometimes troublesome. They were com- 
manded by Lieut. Col. J. G. Simcoe, an English officer of enterprise, whose story of the 
achievements of his command in America was published for the edification of his friends in 
England and reprinted in 1844. The Rangers were among the soldiery upon this march and 
they probably burned the Valley Forge mills, as Simcoe claims to have occupied the Potts 
residence before Washington selected it as his headquarters. 

Bread for the Army 

The army bakers occupied Col. Dewees' house and built their ovens in the basement. 
This structure forms a part of the existing Washington Inn. Many of the country people 
baked bread for the camp upon the basis of a pound of bread for a pound of flour. 

The Ravage of the Forge 

Wayne Orderly book, April 29th, 1778. 

"Complaint having been made by Mr. Dewees, the proprietor of the Valley Forge that 
the Soldiers pull down the houses and break up the Fore Bay of which is called the Valley 
Forge the Commander-in-Chief strictly forbids all Persons from Further Damages to the 
said Buildings and Works, which he hopes will be particularly attended to especially when 
they consider the great loss that Mr. Dewees has already suffered by the great Waste which our 
Army has been under the Necessity of Committing upon the Wood and other improvements." 

Where Southern Soldiers Rest 

It is said that upon the north side of "rear-line hill," which must have been in the vicinity 
of Mcintosh's command, a large number of skeletons of soldiers were exposed to view by 
the washing away of the ground years after the camp was abandoned, and it is also affirmed 
that those buried there were Southern soldiers. 

67 




PUBLIC OBSERVATORY UPON MOUNT JOY 




HEADQUARTERS OF BRIGADIER GENERAL JAMES ^\. VARNUM 
This property has boon entrusted to the care of the Daughters of the American Revolution 



I 



The Affair of Paoli 

The massacre of Paoli was perpetrated by a colitmn under General Grey, composed of 
the First Light Infantry, the Forty-second Highlanders (Black Watch) and the Forty-fourth 
Regiment. From the bloody work done by the Light Infantry they were known as "The 
Surprisers," and were singled out for vengeance by Wayne's troops, who sent word to them 
that they would give them no quarter in battle. Upon this the Light Infantry dyed the 
feathers in their hats red that they might protect the other troops from their especial enemies. 
The regiment still wears this red plume as a vested right. 

Equally as it is the province of history to preserve the names of heroes it should be a 
duty to save from oblivion for the detestation of ages to follow the memory of such monsters 
as Grey, the British General by whose orders all prisoners were murdered at Paoli and a 
year later near Hackensack, N. J. 

One of Wayne's companies of Light Infantry raised in Philadelphia was known as the 
"Red Feathers" and as such fought at Princeton in January, 1777. 

In the Family 

Mr. George Alfred Townsend informed the author concerning the not widely known 
tradition in England that the Howes were "left-handed" cousins of George III. 

Industries at Valley Forge, Past and Present 

Upon March 24th, 1768, John Potts and Ruth, his wife, conveyed to John Potts, Jr., 
his heirs and assigns "all of the Iron forge called and known by the name of "Mount Joy 
Forge," a saw mill and grist mill and three tracts of land thereunto belonging, one of them, 
whereon the said Forge and mills stand situated in Upper Merion township." Upon May 
lOth, 1768, this property was deeded to Joseph Potts and upon Sept. 30, 1773, it was bought 
by Wm. Dewees, Jr. 

Early iron making industries in this part of the country were Warwick furnace, 1737, 
Birdsboro furnace, 17-10, Hopewell furnace on French Creek, 1759, Roxborough (afterward 
Berkshire) furnace, 1763, Oley furnace, 1770, and Green Tree furnace, 1770. 

The iron used at the Valley Forge came from the Warwick furnace. 

From researches by Joseph E. Thropp, Esq. of West Conshohocken, printed in "Iron 
Making in Pennsylvania, " bj' William Jasper Nicolls, it appears that a second forge was 
built soon after the Revolution upon the site of the present mill, which was conducted, in 
1786, by Isaac Potts & Co. This second forge was in ruins in 1816. Joshua Malin, the owner, 
had commenced the erection of the present mill buildings, but having failed the property 
was taken over by John Rogers, who had been a partner and with James Wood and Isaac 
Smedley completed the mill which is a part of the large structure now used as a factory. 

The Washington Memorial Chapel 

The Washington Memorial Chapel, which occupies an elevated site upon the river or 
Port Kennedy road, is much visited by strangers. It is upon private ground one-half mile 
east of Valley Forge Reservation. It was built under the authority of the Norristown Con- 
vocation, Prot. Episcopal Church and is both a place of worship and a patriotic museum. It 
was established mainly through the efforts of Rev. W. Herbert Burk. 

After Many Years 

The first recorded suggestion looking toward the preservation of the Valley Forge en- 
campment ground by the public authorities was made at the semi-centennial celebration 
held here in the summer of 1828. 

The Valley Forge Headquarters building was dedicated by the Centennial Association 
of Valley Forge, upon June 19th, 1879. 

69 



The Road Up the VaUey 

The pleasant road beside the valley stream did not exist prior to 1830, about which year 
it was constructed by Colonel George W. Holstein, Supervisor of Upper Merion. The spring 
along this road was probably unknown at the time of the encampment. 

John Waterman's Death 

Dear Sir Camp Valley Forge, Apl 24th 1778 

Captain Tew and myself arrived safe to post the 22d inst., found the encampment in 

perfect tranquility and the enemy peacable in their quarters. Am sorry to inform you that 

yesterday died of a short illness that worthy gentleman John Waterman Esqr. Commissary 

of our brigade. Humble servant 

(Rhode Island Continental Line) William Allen. 

It is an interesting fact that four officers in the army bore the name of John Waterman ; 

all were from New England. 

Losses at Germantown 

Of the 5763 American soldiers reported present at the Battle of Germantown about 
1000 were killed, wounded or captured. Among those killed upon the British side was Gen. 
Agnew whose body is interred in the old De Benneville cemetery upon York Road. 

Prominent Philadelphia Loyalists 

The three sons of Chief Justice Allen, of Philadelphia, members of a wealthy and promi- 
nent family, were originally inclined to the patriot side. In 1774 Andrew Allen was First 
Lieutenant in the First Troop Philadelphia City Cavalry, from which he resigned. William 
was a Lieut. Colonel in a Pennsylvania Regiment on duty in the North under St. Clair. 
Both brothers sought the protection of Howe, and the third was placed under surveillance 
by the American authorities. William recruited a Loyalist regiment. James Allen died 
Sept. 19th, 1778. Enoch Story was appointed by Howe Inspector of Prohibited Goods, but 
in the course of the year departed for England. 

Joseph Galloway, a wealthy lawyer, became general superintendent in city affairs during 
the stay of the enemy, with whom he departed, and his estate being confiscated he repaired 
to London and occupied himself by writing circulars abusing Howe for losing the country 
to the crown. 

Probably through the intervention of his friend Franklin, part of the estate, belonging 
to his wife, was afterward restored. 

The British Troops in Philadelphia 

Much of the artillery was parked in the State House (Independence) Square. 

Some of the grenadiers occupied the State House. 

The Hessians and part of the grenadiers were located on Callowhill and Noble Streets 
between 4th and 5th Streets. Other troops along north side of Callowhill Street as far as 
the present Broad Street. Eight Regiments were behind the entrenchment between Bush 
Hill and Fairmount. The Yagers were at 22d Street and Pennsylvania Ave., the dragoons 
lia<l three foot regiments between Vine and Race Streets west of 8th Street. 

General Howe was first quartered at the residence of General Cadwallader, Second Street, 
below Spruce, and later he occupied the house on High Street, east of Sixth, which was years 
afterward the dwelling of President Washington. 

Philadelphia's War-Time Population 

May 27th 1778. The number of souls in Philadelphia comprehending the Army, sea- 
men and Inhabitants, consist of (iO,000. 

J<jurnal of Capt. .lohn Montressor, Chief Engineer British Army. 

70 



Recruiting the Tories 

Philadelphia Nov. 15th 1777 

"Three Regis of Provincials raising, Aliens, Chalmers and Cliftons, the latter Roman 
Catholics." 

Journal of Capt. John Montressor, Chief Engineer British Army. 

May 7th 1778 

Allen's and Clifton's Regts were sent to Gloucester, the 3d Provincial Regt, Chalmers's, 
going into camp near the Schuylkill river below the upper ferry. 

Blacklisted in 1781 

A "Black List" was published in 1802 containing the names of 486 tories who were 
attainted of High Treason in the State of Pennsylvania, being men who adhered to the King 
after July •1th, 1776, and most of whom were pronounced by the Supreme Court of the State, 
in 1781, to be aliens and devoid of civic rights. 

Country Seats Destroyed 

The British burned, upon November 22d, 1777, all of the buildings in front of their line 
of defense, some twenty -seven houses, several of them being 6ne country residences. 

Snug, Comfortable and Confident 

"Tlie lines at the North Entl of the City are nearly compleat, they are ditched and 
facin'd from Delaware to Schuylkill, between each Redoubt. — They have pulled down Peal 
hall and all the rest of the houses facing their Redoubts. They have ordered all the wood 
within their lines to be cutt for the use of the Army, they are takeing up houses & when the 
empty ones are full they quarter the rest on the Inhabitants — The army are very healthy 
& very saucy, say they have men enough to defend their Lines whilst Cornwallis clears the 
Country." 

From secret intelligence sent from Philadelphia, Nov. 21, 1777. 

Analysis by an Unappreciative Hessian 

" — just as Congress consists of Scoundrels so the Army consists of people warmed up 
in part by the war party, also their only support is in the war, and who are unwilling to ex- 
change sword for last and needle, or who may fear that their former masters, whose serfs 
they are, would harness them to the yoke, as soon as they surrendered their Captain and 
Subaltern patents. This is the army proper of the enemy, numbering about 12,000 men. 
The remainder substitutes and militia of whom ten or twenty thousand are mobile at times, 
these fight only for the Province in which they dwell and have been unable to resolve joining 
the Army and going into another province.* * * This is about a fair picture of the present 
situation: The enemy is encamped in huts at Wilmington and Valley Forge, and Washington 
and Stirling have wagered as to who had the best huts erected. Last year we lay in them and 
our army x. y. z. strong, lies in Philadelphia which is fortified by eleven redoubts and one 
outpost. We are supplied with all that is necessary and superfluous. Assemblies, Concerts, 
Comedies, clubs and the like make us forget there is any war, save that it is a capital joke." 

From the letter book of Captain Johann Heinrichs, Hessian Yager Corps, Jan. 18th, 1778. 

Again the Hessian, Somewhat Shaken 

"Here in Philadelphia there are about one thousand royally inclined families who are 
willing to leave hearth and home and with their chattels go with the army. Hence this gives 
rise to the rumor that we are going to leave Philadelphia altogether." 

Letter book of Captain Johann Heinrichs, Hessian Yager Corps, Philadelphia, June 
5th, 1778. 

71 



The Two Howes on Sea and Land 

Lord Howe's indecision of character seems well illustrated by the fact that in 1777, he 
embarked the force, destined for Philadelphia, consisting of 36 British and Hessian battalions, 
the Queen's Rangers and a Regiment of Light Horse, upon transports at New York, together 
with horses and baggage. Forty days of midsummer elapsed before they were finally landed 
at Elk River, Marjdand. 

Sir William Howe had originally demanded from the home government, in a letter of 
November 26th, 1775, 19,000 men, estimating that with these he could succeed against the 
colonials, but the war office had sent him, in all, 31,476 soldiers, in addition to which, upon 
Nov. 30th 1776 and Jan. 20th 1777 he had called for 15,000 and 20,000 more men respect- 
ively, or a total proposed force less losses of over 65,000, at a time when the Continental line 
did not exceed 8000 rank and file. In response to Howe's calls the government did increase 
his army to 40,000 men. 

The Pinch of War 

Several members of the Society of Friends resident in Philadelphia, addressed an appeal 
for assistance during the British occupation, to Friends in Ireland. They stated that 
independently of the military the city at that time contained 20,000 people. 

Camp-Following Traders 

Among those who came upon the transports were a shoal of "merchants," English and 
Scotch Tories, who seized upon the best of the vacant stores and presently filled the news- 
papers with advertisements of their wares. These newcomers dealt for gold only. The num- 
ber of these worthies is stated by Christopher Marshall in his diary for February 28th, 1778, 
as being a hundred and twenty-one. 

Pessimism of Captain Montressor 

While the Americans hovered in doubt and dread of the coming winter around Camp 
Hill, even the confident and comfortable enemy in the city had its blue days. This fact is 
reflected by Captain Montressor's entry of November 1st, 1777, inspired probably by a flag 
through the rebel lines advising the British commander of the disaster to Burgoyne: "We 
are just now an army without provision, a Rum artillery for besieging, scarcely any ammu- 
nition, no clothing, nor any money. Somewhat dejected by Burgoyne's capitulation and not 
elated with our late mancevres as Donop's repulse and Augusta and Merlin being burnt and 
to compleat all being Blockaded " 

Stedman's History of the American War, London, 1794. 

Britain's Forces 

Howe's whole command in America is said to be — 

16th & 17th Regts of Light Dragoons, 1 Brigade of Guards, 5 Companies of Artillery, 
9 Regiments of Foot, 2 Battalions of Marines — British. 

2 Companies of Chasseurs, 18 Regts of Foot, 1 Regt Artillery — Hessians. 

Ships— 50 to 28 guns, 34; 20 to 10 guns, 22; Bombs, 2; Armed vessels, 10. 

James Lovell, letter of Sept. 17th, 1777. 

A Tory Schoolmaster 

In his "notes on the Secret Service of the Revolutionary army operating around Phila- 
delphia" Dr. Henry Leffman quotes Robert Proud, the "Tory Schoolmaster" (Penna. Mag- 
azine) who taught the sons of rebels good loyalist doctrines at 119 South Fourth street. 

"All of the re))el Party that were in Arms, as well as those that held offices under the 
Usurpation and many others of their Connections and Abettors having before left the city," 

72 



(on approval of the British) "carrying off almost everything which they thought might be 
of use to the English Army besides what they apprehended might be wanted by themselves, 
which they took chiefly from the Quakers and such as least favored them." 

"The city is yet safe, but it was fully expected that they" (the rebels) "would have set 
Fire to it, according to repeated Threats and Language of many of them to do it, when in 
Possession of the English, and then throw the Blame on them as is generally agreed was done 
in New York." 

Hard Lines for Citizens and Prisoners 

The activity of Washington's scouting parties doubtless made it a venturesome matter 
for the country people to keep Philadelphia supplied with enough food. The soldiery got 
most of what did come in, leaving but little for the residents and prisoners. Upon Nov. 17th, 
1777, a rebel spy reported from the city as follows. 

"Every day increases the Price and Scarcity of Provisions. Heaven only knows what 
will become of us if you do not soon relieve us by routing them, the Prisoners have suffered 
very much, as the inhabitants have it not in their power to supply them as they would, they 
are now reduced to three hundred by Inlisting and Sickness so that they fare something 
better." — (From original in Library of Congress copied by Dr. Henry Leffman.) 

Fighting Quakers 

Many of the younger members of the Society of Friends in Philadelphia took sides with 
the American contestants and were "read out of meeting." At the end of the war they de- 
manded to be reinstated and those who were still left outside of the faith formed the Society 
of Free Quakers and built the structure at the southwest comer of Fifth and Arch streets for 
a place of worship. This was, for many years, in later times known as the Apprentices' 
Library. Many of these "Fighting Quakers" were buried in ground given them by the State 
upon the west side of Fifth street below Locust street. 

Loyalist and Patriot Quakers 

After the departure of the enemy from Philadelphia two Quakers named Roberts and 
Carlisle were tried and executed in Philadelphia under martial law. 

Isaac Walker and other members of the Society of Friends hauled all of Washington's 
army stores from White Marsh to Valley Forge free of charge, and the Friends generally in 
the vicinity are credited with much humanity toward the troops. 

Deborah Logan's Diary 

Upon the night following the battle of Germantown many of the American prisoners 
were placed in the State House, the wounded being attended by the British surgeons, where, 
as described in the diary of Deborah Logan the women of the city were allowed to bring them 
food and some medical supplies. One of these patriot ladies being challenged good naturedly, 
because the British wounded in the hospitals did not receive similar favors, said, "Oh! sir, 
it is in your power to fully provide for them but we cannot see our own countrymen suffer 
and not provide for them." 

Prison and Trench 

The great prison at the southeast corner of Sixth and Walnut streets had been completed 
shortly before the opening of the war and was used by both the Americans and the British to 
house prisoners. Under the charge of the merciless British Provost Marshal John Cunningham 
the Americans held there during the British occupation suffered greatly. Many of them are 
numbered among the unnamed thousands buried in the potters' field, now Washington Square. 

73 



Philadelphia's Normal Population in 1777 

In 1777 the normal population of Philadelphia was 23,734 and the number of dwellings in 
and about the city was 5395. 

A Washington Letter from the Camp 

The following extract from a letter by Washington, in the hand-writing of and dictated 
to Alexander Hamilton, was printed in the Public Ledger a short time ago, with other recently 
discovered Revolutionary letters owned by Mr. W. K. Bixby. 

"The Enemy still remain in possession of Philadelphia and are secured by a strong chain 
of Redoubt with Intrenchments of Communication from Schuylkill to Delaware. We are 
posted on the West side of the former about 20 miles from the City, and with pains and 
industry the Troops are tolerably well covered in Huts. We are to regret Ave are not 
more comfortably quartered, but circumstances would not admit of it. Had we retired to the 
Towns in the interior of the State a large Tract of fertile Country would have been exposed 
to ravage and ruin and we should have distressed in a peculiar manner tlie virtuous Citizens 
from Philadelphia who had fled thither for refuge." 

Stedman Upon General Howe 

"In this infirm and dangerous state he continued from December until May, during 
all which time every person expected that the Commander-in-Chief would have stormed or 
besieged his camp, the situation of which equally invited either attempt. To have posted 
two thousand men on a commanding ground near the bridge, on the north side of the Schuyl- 
kill, would have rendered his escape on the left impossible, two thousand men placed on a 
like ground opposite the narrow pass would have as effectually prevented a retreat in his 
rear, and five or six thousand men, stationed on the front or right of his camp would have 
deprived him of flight upon these sides. — But our army, neglecting all these opportunities, 
was suffered to continue at Philadelphia, where the whole winter was spent in dissipation. 
A want of discipline and proper subordination pervaded the whole army; and if disease and 
sickness thinned the American army encamped at Valley Forge, indulgence and luxurj' per- 
haps did no less injury to the British troops at Philadelphia." 

Stedman's History of the American War, London, 1794. 

Greene Loses Officers 

"Yesterday upwards of fifty oflBcers in Gen. Greene's Division resigned their commis- 
sions. Six or seven in our Regiment are doing the like today. All this is occasioned by Officers 
Families being so much Neglected at home on account of Provisions." 

Diary of Surgeon Waldo, Dec. 28th 1777. 

Building the Huts 

The greater number of the huts were built upon the land of Mordecai Moore and David 
Stevens, some being upon the property of other owners. 

"I was there when the army first began to build inits. They appeared to me like a 
family of beavers. Every one busy, some carrying logs, others mud, and the rest plastering 
them together. The whole was raised in a few days and it is a curious collection of build- 
ings in the true rustic order." Paine to Franklin. 

A Midnight Feast 

At 12 of the clock at night Providence sent us a little Mutton with which we inmie- 
diately had .some Broth made & a fine Stomach for same. Ye who Eat Pumpkin Pie and Roast 
Turkics and yet Curse fortune for using you ill Curse her no more lest she reduce your allow- 
ance of her favours to a l)it of Fire Cake & a draught of Cold Water & in Cold Weather too. 

Diary of Surgeon Waldo, Dec. 22, 1777. 

74 



Some Thieving Soldiers 

Even Washington's Life Guard contained men who turned highwaymen and robbed 
the countrymen. Later in the war several of them were hanged for the offense. 

British Goods for Yankee Use 

"The Brigg taken from the Enemy (and mentioned New Years Day) is the greatest 
prize ever taken from them — There is Scarlet — Blue — and Buff Cloth, sufficient to Cloath 
all the Officers of the Army — and Hats — Shirts — Stockings — Shoes — Boots — Spurs — &c, to 
finish compleat Suits for all. A petition is sent to his Excellency that this Cloathing may 
be dealt out to the Regimental Officers only at a moderate price — excluding Commissaries — 
Bull Drivers &c — There are 4 or 5000 Apeletes of gold and Silver — Many chests of private 
Officers Baggage and General How's Silver Plate — and Kitchen furniture &c. This Cargo 
was sent to Cloathe all the Officers of the British Army." 

Diary of Surgeon Waldo, Dec. 22d, 1777. 

An Estimate of the American Force 

In December 1777, citing the late Henry Armitt Brown, Esq., the entire army of the 
Americans numbered 12,161 Continentals and 3241 Militia; about two-thirds of whom 
probably went to Valley Forge or were on outpost duty at various points around Philadelphia. 

Blankets Kept in Camp 

"The distress for Blankets makes it necessary to retain those the Soldiers have who 
have been discharged. This order of the Brigadier will be readily complyed with by the 
men who are going home in order to afford more Comfort to their Brother Soldiers who keep 
the Field." 

Stirling's Suggestion 

In a letter to General Washington dated October 29th, 1777, Lord Stirling advised 
making winter quarters somewhere near Radnor Meeting House equally distant from the 
fords of the Schuylkill below Valley Forge. 

At Gulph Mill 

"Cold rainy Day. Baggage ordered over the Gulph of our Division which we were to 
march at Ten, but the baggage was order'd back and for the first time since we have been 
here the Tents were pitch'd to keep the men more comfortable." — Diary of Surgeon 
Albigence Waldo. 

The Gulph Mill Memorial 

In front of the Gulph Mill, which dates from 1747, a great boulder standing nine feet 
high upon its base was dedicated upon June 19th, 1893, by the Pennsylvania Sons of the 
Revolution. It bears a panel inscribed with the fact that the Continental Army encamped 
in this vicinity from December 13th to the 19th, 1777. 

Valley Forge First Advised 

Probably the first mention of Valley Forge as a desirable wintering place for the Con- 
tinentals was made, in his opinion to the Commander-in-Chief, submitted, with others, at 
the White Marsh council of war, by Col. Lutterloh, who urged that one or more brigades 
should be located at "Wolley Forge." 

Washington's Tent 

The location of Washington's Marquee tent is indicated upon a French sketch map in 
the vicinity of Washington redoubt. 

75 



The Commander's Expenses 

Washington received no pay from the Government for his services, but in 1783 he ren- 
dered a detailed account of his personal expenses from the date of assuming command of 
the forces. The total amount of the period of nearly seven years being £16,311. 

Billy Lee, Servant 

A humble but highly important functionary of Washington's entourage was his colored 
servant, "Billy Lee," whose portrait by the famous Philadelphia artist, Peale, is now among 
the treasures of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania. 

Washington's Life Guard 

By Washington's own account his personal guard in the winter of 1777-8 was composed 
entirely of Virginians. When Baron Steuben proposed to school an especial corps for the 
new drill the Commander-in-Chief's Guard was increased by one hundred new men selected 
from the regiments of other States, making a force of 146 men exclusive of the officers, all 
being native Americans. 

The Flag of the Life Guard 

The flag of the "Life Guard" or Commander-in-Chief's Guard was deposited in Alex- 
andria, Virginia, after the war, and was still preserved there as late as 1856, in the lodge 
room of the Free Masons. A Wisconsin soldier has written the author that this flag was 
destroyed by a fire during the Civil War. 

Temporary Life Guard Details 

Temporary details of foot and horse for escort duty has led in later times to much inno- 
cent confusion upon the part of many who have been anxious to claim descent from mem- 
bers of the special guards of Washington. For an accurate and complete list see Dr. C. E. 
Godfrey's book, "The Commander-in-Chief's guard. Revolutionary War." 

A Monument Voted for General Nash 

Weedon Orderly Book, Nov. 11th, 1777. 

"The Hon'ble Continental Congress have passed the following Resolves which have 
been transmitted hither to be made publick in the Army, viz. 

Resolved, that his Excellency Governor Caswell of North Carolina be requested to 
erect a Monument at the Expense of the United States in honour of the Memory of Brigade 
Gen'l Francis Nash who fell in the Battle of German Town on the 4 Day of October 1777, 
bravely contending for the Independence of his Country." 

This was probably the first monument ordered for a Revolutionary hero. 

Anthony Wayne, Soldier 

Anthony Wayne, born at East Town, Pa., became a soldier in the Minute men with 
rank of corporal of minute men before the opening of the War. He gained the rank of colonel 
in two regiments prior to the signing of the Declaration of Independence, was a Brigadier 
General at Valley Forge, and a Brevet Major-General at its close. 

His su))sequent career included service in nearly every part of the Union; his most im- 
portant work having been the clearing of the middle west of hostile elements and its opening 
to immigration. 

He was Commander-in-Chief of the army nearly four years, holding this rank at the 
time of his death, aged 51 years, at Presque Isle, Pa. His body rested for a long period at 
Erie, but was eventually removed to the churchyard of Old St. Davids, Radnor, Pa. 

76 



Pushing the Defenses 

Weedon Orderly Book, Jan 15th, 1778. 

"The works mark'd out by the Ingenieurs for the defense of the Camp are to be erected 
with all possible dispatch and the Commander-in-Chief requests the favor of General Green 

Lord Stirling and the Marquis La Fayette to consult with Gen'l Portail on the 

proper means and number of men necessary to execute the works in the different Wing's 
and Second Line and give orders accordingly" 

Angels of Mercy 

Among the patriotic women of the neighborhood who sought to alleviate the miseries 
of the camp were Sarah Walker, Elizabeth Stephens, Priscilla Stephens, Margaret Beaver 
Elizabeth Moore and Jane Moore. 

One Well-Provided Mess "Valley Forge, January 14th, 1778. 

"At the request of Col. Stewart the officers of the regiment (13th Pennsylvania) were 
summoned to dine with him, where we spent the day in civil jollity. In this manner several 
days were spent passing by rotation from the senior to the junior officers. Thus, and in many 
other desirable enjoyments, we passed some part of the winter campaign making ourselves 
as happy as circumstances would admit." — Diary of Lieut. James McMichael. 

A False Accusation 

General Joseph Reed, Adjutant General, was wrongfully charged with an intention of 
surrendering to the British at Bristol, N. J., immediately prior to the Battle of Trenton. 
The existing testimony to that effect is to be found in the Journal of Margaret Morris, of 
Burlington, N. J., and in a collection of letters published in 1856 by Horace W. Smith under 
the title of "Nuts for Future Historians to Crack." General Wm. S. Stryker, of New Jersey, 
discovered in 1876 that General Joseph Reed was unjustly accused, the person really cul- 
pable having been another officer named Reed holding a commission as colonel. 

A War of Races 

Upon "St. Patrick's day" the Pennsylvania Dutch soldiers set up a stuffed "paddy," 
whereupon the Irish and the Dutch had a fight. This was quieted by Washington by the 
issue of a round of grog for the whole army. 

The Drill Corps 

Weeilon Orderly Book, March 17th, 1778. 

"One hundred Chosen men are to be annexed to Ihe Guard of the Commander-in-Chief 
for the purpose of forming a Corps to be instructed in the Maneuvres necessary to be intro- 
duced in the Army and serve as a model for the execution of them. As the Genl's guard 
is compos'd entirely of Virginians the 100 Draughts are to be taken from the Troops of 
other States." 

Enforcing a Good Appearance 

Wayne Orderly Book, March 29th, 1778. 

The General therefore in the most Pointed terms Desires the Officers to oblige their 
men to appear Clean and Decent at all times and upon all Occasions, even Punishing that 
Soldier that appears Dirty, whether on Duty or not. The Officers will cause the men to wear 
their Hatts in one way in the most Soldierly like Position and oblige them to Mend their old 
clothes so as to make the best appearance possible. The General Expects a Sufficiency of 
Hatts with Some other Clothing for the men every Hour. He has also ordered Col. Byard to 
Lancaster to provide the officers clothing and the Drums and Fifes belonging to the Division. 

Anthony Wayne, B. G. 

77 



Wayne Orderly Book, April ■1th, 1778. 

"Nothing can conduce more to the Health of soldier than a clean Camp, clean clothes 
and victuals well dressed, this however Deeply Involved in Rags an Army may be, and to 
be effected by Attention in the Officers the General therefore calls npon Every Officer from 
the Major General to the Corporal for their exertion, hoping, therefore, by the Blessing of 
God to prevent Such numbers of Deaths which unfortunate'y has happened since we came 
to this Place." 

Inspecting the Sick 

Wayne Orderly Book, April 4th, 1778. 

"It is the General's positive Orders that all the Invalids be Paraded at the same time 
and that the officers take care that they appear clean and that the whole are paraded, the 
general being Determined to examine every man himself to the End that if any of the Soldiers 
are suffering for want of necessaries or Proper Care or Attention either in the Officers or 
Surgeons that these defects may be Remedied." 

Anthony Wayne, B. G. 

The Lottery 

Wayne Orderly Book, April 27th, 1778. 

"A Few Continental Tickets to be Sold at the Orderly Office, the Drawing of the Lottery 
the first of next month." 

Only Two Days for Guards 

Wayne Orderly Book, April — ■ 

"In future no Guard in Camp is to be suffered to be on Duty more than 48 hours without 
being Relieved. On Monday next the several Brigades will begin their Exercises at 6 o'clock 
in the morning and from 5 o'clock to 6 o'clock in the afternoon." 

Sunday Services 

Weedon Orderly Book, May 2d, 1778. 

"The Commander in Chief Directs that Divine Service be performed every Sunday. at 
11 o'clock in those Brigades to which there are Chaplains — those which have none to attend 
the place of Worship nearest to them." 

Wayne's Order for Neatness 

Wayne Orderly Book, May 12th, 1778. 

Every Commanding officer of Regts and Corps to cause the Taylors to repair the Coats 
or Uniform of the Soldiers Immediately and by all means to Prevent them from carrying 
their provisions or water on their heads or shoulders as nothing tends to destroy and Dirty 
their Hatts and uniforms equal to this imsoldierly Practice. 

Anthony Wayne, B. G. 

No More Funeral Volleys 

Weedon Orderly Book, April 12th, 1778. 

"Funeral honors at the Interment of Officers are for the future to be confin'd to a solemn 
procession of Officers and Scjldicrs in Numbers Suitable to the Rank of the Deceas'd with 
revcrs'd arms. Fireing on these occasions is to be abolish'd in Camp." 

The Duello 

Duelling had its sinister hold upon the army even in the midst of its travail. Upon 
April 30th, 1778, Lieutenant Green was killed in an "affair of honor" by Lieutenant White, 
and was buried in one of the churchyards of Upper Merion. 

78 



A Multi-Colored Army 

So diverse were the uniforms provided by the different States to their soldiers that in 
order to distinguish them as friends it was ordered, at the battle of Germantown, that each 
man should wear a piece of white paper in his hat. 

Stirling's Brigade Position 

An interesting sketch map, made by a French engineer, indicates that later the brigade 
of Lord Stirling was stationed upon the slope of the height to the west of the mouth of 
Valley Creek and near the river. 

Lord Stirling, Patriot 

Lord Stirling, William Alexander, was a native of New Jersey. He married the daughter 
of Philip Livingston, of New York. He was a claimant before the British courts for the title 
and escheated estates of the Earl of Stirling, and assumed the title. He was one of the most 
active of the American officers. He died one week before the declaration of peace. 

A Virginia Brigadier 

General ^Yeedon had been a Virginia tavernkeeper from Fredericksburg, and as he was 
reputed to have served his customers with rum in gourds, he was derisively known in the army 
as "Joe Gourd." There are tales of his cruelty toward his men, but they may have been 
quite as unjust as many other legends of the time reflecting upon officers. Weedon was still 
in the army at the time of the surrender at Yorktown. 

Congressional Diversions at York 

York, Pa., Feb. 20th, 1778 

Balls have been given so often as to call forth remonstrances from all the clergymen in 
the town. 

Diarj- of Rev. Geo. Neisser. 

Passports at the Bridge 

Wayne Orderly Book, April 17th, 1778. 

" All permits to go out of Camp for the future are to be by Brigadiers or Officers command- 
ing Brigades. The oflBcers of the Guard at Sullivan's Bridge to carefully Inspect the Paper 
offered them and make himself a Judge of their Authority." 

Straw for the Sick 

Wayne Orderly Book, May 16th, 1778. 

"The Brigade quartermasters to provide straw for the men who have no blankets, the 
sick of the several Regiments to be first supplied." 

Ragged and Discouraged Officers 

''Many officers who have behaved with credit have petitioned me for Leave of Retire 
for a Season or to Resign their Commissions and assigned as a Reason for not waiting on me 
that they were so naked they were ashamed to be seen. That clothing was not to be had and 
even if it was their wages would not enable them to purchase; I have taken pains to Inquire 
of the most sensible officers and have conversed with several General Officers upon the alarm- 
ing spirit of Resignation which takes place in the Army and find they in general say this: 
that they and their men have been marching and countermarching all the year, that they 
have fought no General Action besides Skirmishes, that the Clothes and Shoes which they 
wore out has amounted to their wages, which leaves their Families to suffer at home. That 

79 



the Baggage they sent to Bethlehem has been mostly plundered and they have no possible 
way of replacing it: That the price of Articles bears no proportion to their wages — they 
further say that their Rank has not been settled, that they have been told from time to time 
that this should be done when they Retired to winter Quarters of which they do not see the 
least prospect and that while they have contentedly borne all this they Daily see Congress 
placing men over their heads without any Regard to their Ranks or Services" 

From opinion of Maj. Gen. Sullivan at Council of War at Whitemarsh, Dec. 4th, 1777. 

The Whipping Post 

"Thos. Fitzgerald and David Rush Inhabitants of this State Tryed for attempting to 
Relieve the Enemy with Provisions found Guilty of a Breach of a Resolution of Congress 
Oct. 8th '77 and Extended &c. Sentenced each to Receive 100 lashes on Their bare Back." 

Weedon Orderly Book, Feb. 8th, 1778. 

"Thos. Butler an Inhabitant of the State of Pennsylvania tried for attempting to Carry 
flour into Philadelphia. Sentenced to receive 250 lashes on his bare back." 

Schuylkill Clam Soup 

Sullivan's men, being posted at the river, enjoyed a special source of nutriment, as they 
fished the clams from the river bed and converted them into soup. 

Madame Washington's ReHef Corps 

In February, Lady Stirling and Mrs. General Knox visited Mrs. Washington, and their 
time was spent in knitting socks for the soldiers. Mrs. Bowen, of Chester County, often 
visited the camp on horseback, bringing gifts of food in the saddle bags, and it is said, by 
Mrs. Margaret B. Harvey, Historian of Merion Chapter, D. of R., that she taught Mrs. 
Washington how to knit stockings. 

Bethlehem and the Moravians 

"For six years Bethlehem, Pa. was a thoroughfare for troops, twice the seat of the Conti- 
nental Hospital and temporarily the refuge of the American Congress. Upon Dec. 31st, 1777, 
seven hundred sick and wounded soldiers were in the Single Brethren's House. Upwards 
of four hundred Revolutionary soldiers are buried within the limits of the town. 

"In the course of the war nearly every officer of importance in the American Army was 
a guest sick or well at the famous Sun Inn." 

Conditions in the hospitals established at Bethlehem and other points after the cam- 
paign of 1777 were little if any better than those existing at the camp. In the Bethlehem 
hospital where the Moravians assisted the army surgeons and nurses faithfully the want of 
medicines and clothing as well as the crowded condition of the wards occasioned great mor- 
tality. Out of forty men of the Sixth Virginia Regiment sent there all died but three. 

Thomas Paine 

It has been claimed by some writers that Thomas Paine, the brilliant, erratic, sceptical 
bohemian wlio wrote the " Age of Reason, ' ' addressed the troops at some time during the encamp- 
ment and in so doing greatly encouraged them. This is, however, apparently beyond con- 
firmation. During much of that winter Paine was a guest in the home of William Henry at 
Lancaster, engaged intermittently in writing his famous Crisis. William Henry, an ancestor of 
Dr. Jordan, of the Pennsylvania Historical Society, was the inventorof the screw augur,and with 
Rittenhouse, Payne and John Hart active in the affairs of the American Philosophical Society. 

80 



The Troops with Gates at Saratoga 

The troops under Gates at the battle of Saratoga were Nixon's, Glover's and Patterson's 
Continental brigades, all of Massachusetts. Poor's Brigade of New Hampshire, consisting 
of Cilley's, Scammels and Hale's Regiments. The 3d New York regiment Col. Van Courtlandt, 
4th New York regiment Col. Henry Livingston, two Connecticut militia regiments under 
Colonels Cook and Lattimer, Morgan's Rifle Corps and three hundred light infantry under 
Col. Dearborn of New Hampshire. 

General Conway's Downfall 

Upon Februarj' 28, 1778, General ^Yashington wrote to Col. John F. Fitzgerald at 
Alexandria, Va.: 

"I have a good deal of reason to believe that the machination of this Junta will recoil 
upon their own heads and be a means of bringing some matters to light which, by getting me 
out of the way, they thought to conceal." 

"I am content if they remove any General except his Excellency. The country, even 
Congress, are not aware of the Confidence the Army Places in him, or motions never would 
have been made for Gates to take the Command."- — Letter from Capt. Selden, of the Con- 
necticut Line, written at Valley Forge. 

After the collapse of the cabal, Conway resigned from the Board of War, and having 
been severely wounded in a duel, believing himself about to die, he wrote a contrite letter to 
General Washington. He recovered and left the country. 

Washington WTote to Richard Henry Lee in Congress : 

"General Conway's merit as an oflBcer and his importance in this army exist more in 
his imagination than in reality. For it is a maxim with him to leave no service of his own 
untold, nor to want anything which is to be obtained by importunity." 

The Oath of Allegiance 

The oath of allegiance was required by an Act of Congress, dated Feb. 3d, 1778, and was 
signed, under the supervision of Brig.-Gen. Anthony Wayne, by 946 officers at Valley Forge, 
116 at Mount Joy and 53 at Albany. 

A Frenchman's Criticism and Appeal 

M. du Portail, a French Colonel and a Brigadier General in the American Army, wrote 
from White Marsh camp upon November 12th 1777 to the French Minister of War in the 
following terms. 

"You will be astonished Sir at this language, but such are these people that they move 
without spring or energy, without vigor, and without passion for a cause in which they are 
engaged, and which they follow only as the impulse of the hand that 6rst put them in motion 
directs. There is an hundred times more enthusiasm for this revolution in any one coffee- 
house of Paris, than in all the Thirteen Provinces united. It is necessary, then, that France, 
to accomplish this revolution should furnish these people with every requisite to lessen the 
hardships of war. True, it will cost some millions, but they will be well laid out in annihilating 
the power of England, which, bereft of her colonies, without a navy and without commerce, 
will lose her consequence in the world and leave France without a rival." 

Market Days in the Camp 

Weedon Orderly Book, Feb. 8th, 1778. 

"Tomorrow being the Day appointed for Opening the Market at the Stone Chimney 
Pickett the Army is desired to take notice of the same. Markets will beheld at the same place 
every Monday and Thursday, on the East side of the Schuylkill near the North Bridge Every 
Tuesday and Friday, near the Adju't Genl's Office Every Wednesday and Saturday." 

81 



A Pleasing Tradition 

A letter in the Philadelphia Item, May 27th, 1898, dated at Glen Rock, Pa., includes a 
statement that one day the camp was rejoiced by the arrival of ten teams of Oxen driven by 
women, hauling supplies, including two thousand shirts made for the army by the women of 
Philadelphia. The writer does not explain how these goods got through the British lines. 

Washington's Barbaric Entourage 

Washington's Indian auxiliaries formed at times a picturesque feature of the army. 
Lieut. Enos Reeves, describing a grand review (Sept. 13th, 1780), thus refers to them as 
they appeared in the retinue of the Commander-in-Chief: 

"I must inform you that his same Motley Crew, that we have just received with such 
pomp, is no less than a number of Indian Chiefs of the Stockbridge Oneida and several other 
Nations of whom a Colonel Lewis is the principal. He has been of infinite service since this 
War commenced and has brought several chiefs of different Nations to see the French at 
Rhode Island where they were a novelty and were treated with the utmost civility. They 
were taken through all our Army and saluted at the Park with thirteen pieces of ordnance, 
which they received with a hideous Yell but were much pleased with it. They are enter- 
tained by His Excellency at his own Table; dine, breakfast &c with his family and the Gen'i 
Officers that attend there" 

A Polish Volunteer 

Cassimir, Count Pulaski, of Poland, was at Valley Forge for a time, occupying the house 
of Devault Beaver (now owned by Henry Warburton). He left there to recruit the Pulaski 
Legion (cavalry). The banner for this corps was made by the Moravian nuns of Bethlehem. 

Baron Steuben, Drillmaster 

Wayne Orderly Book, March 6th, 1778. 

"Baron Steuben, a Lieut. General in Foreign Service and a gentleman of great Military 
Experience Having oblidgingly undertaken the exercise of the Office of Inspector General 
in this Army, the Commander-in-Chief, till the Pleasure of Congress shall be known Desires 
that he will be Respected and Obeyed as such and hopes and expects that all Officers of 
whatever Rank in it will Afford him every aid in their Power in the execution of his office." 

Soon after the Baron Steuben had reached the Camp he wrote of his impressions in 
these words: "The arms at Valley Forge were in a horrible condition covered with rust, 
half of them without bayonets, many from which a single shot could not be fired. The pouches 
were quite as bad as the arms. A great many of the men had tin boxes instead of pouches, 
others had cow horns, and muskets, carbines, fowling pieces .and rifles were seen in the same 
company. The description of the dress is most easily given. The men were literally naked, 
some of them in the fullest sense of the word. The officers who had coats had them of every 
color and make. I saw officers at a grand parade at Valley Forge mounting guard in a sort 
of dressing gown made of an old blanket or woolen bed cover. With regard to their military 
discipline I may safely say that no such thing existed." 

Many of the powder horns still largely in use, especially with the riflemen, which were 
a novelty to Baron Steuben, were decorated with rude defiances and considerable sentiment. 
This custom seems to have been popular with both sides. Following are a few examples: 

"I, powder, with my brother, ball 
Hero like do conquer all" 

"The red-coat who steals this Horn 
Will go to hel as shares hes Born" 

"Down with the Tyrant King!" 
82 



" Yankee doodle cum to Town 
AVareing linen breeches 
He made the red-coats leave the sound 
And filled up all his Ditches" 

By the first day of April Steuben had already impressed his enthusiasm for discipline 
upon the army. On that date John Laurens wrote: "I must not omit to inform you that 
Baron Steuben is making sensible progress with our Soldiers. The officers seem to have a 
high opinion of him, and discover a docility from which we may augur the most happy effects. 
It would enchant you to see the enlivened scene of our Campus Martius." 

Baron Steuben died November 25 th, 1795, at the age of sixty -six years, upon his large 
land-grant in the vicinity of Utica, N. Y., where he was buried in uniform. His aide, CoL 
North, inherited his property and erected a monument to his memory. 

Steuben's Drill Corps 

Steuben first exhibited his Headquarters drill-corps before the Inspectors and other 
oflScers upon April 6th, 1778. The officers of the infantry at this time, were Captain Caleb 
Gibbs, Lieutenant Livingston, Lieutenant Benjamin Grymes, Lieutenant William Colfax 
and Surgeon Samuel Hanson, son of the President of Congress. The uniform of the horse 
was of dark blue, with a helmet adorned by a fox tail, and that of the infantry guards a dark 
blue coat faced with buff, red vest, buckskin breeches, white cross belts and a black cocked 
hat, edged with white tape. 

Charles Lee, Traitor 

Charles Lee was the son of a British general. He took part in the capture of Montreal 
in 1760. After an absence of thirteen years in Europe, during which he had a varied military 
career, he returned to America and offered his services to Congress. He obtained a commission 
of Major General. His egotism found expression in an attitude of covert hostility toward 
Washington. His treasonable purposes were established upon the publication of Lord Howe's 
papers in 1857, for among them was found a plan of Campaign w'ritten by Lee, while a prisoner 
in New York, for the guidance of the British Commander. 

The Gallows 

The gallows is said to have been situated upon the land of David Stevens, a little north 
of the Gulf Road, and near the corner of the country line intersection. The land was after- 
ward the property of William Henry. 

The Executioners 

The Provost Marshal's force at Valley Forge was organized and mounted as light dragoons, 
and among the subalterns were four executioners. These men administered the punishments 
of hanging and flogging so frequently imposed by the courts-marshal in the several brigades. 

Marquis de Lafayette and His Companions 

On his arrival, he and his companions were much surprised and discouraged by the recep- 
tions they met with. Mr. Deane, the officers were told, had gone far beyond his instructions 
in making contracts with those who desired to enter the American service, especially by 
attempting to provide commissions in our army for them. The position of Congress was one 
of great delicacy and difficulty. It was embarrassed by Mr. Deane's promises, not merely 
because no new officers were needed, but also because their appointment in accordance with 
the promise made by Deane would make them outrank the American officers, who from the 
beginning had borne the burden and heat of the day, and who w-ere in most cases quite as 
competent for their work as those who sought to supersede them. Besides, although La 



Fayette professed his disinterestedness, yet Congress could not shut its eyes to the fact that 
he was, after all, only a runaway French officer, whose appointment in our army might pro- 
duce at the Court of France a most unfavorable impression at a time when we were negotiat- 
ing for a close alliance with that power. Then, in addition to all this, it was not the practice 
to make men major-generals who were but nineteen years old, and who, of course, had had 
no military experience. We were then, it must be remembered, absolutely dependent for 
our military supplies upon France, and they had been purchased in that country for us by 
Mr. Deane. Deane was not only our purchasing agent, but he assumed to be, to a large 
number of French officers who desired to enter into our service, authorized to issue military 
commissions to them. As he had received no such instructions from our government and no 
authority from France to confer these commissions in that country, his heedless conduct had 
to be disavowed. 

Under circumstances such as these Congress may well have been embarrassed, and the 
members who tried to speak French with La Fayette's companions were certainly not cordial; 
but it seemed that there was no alternative, and the extraordinary step was taken, July 31, 
1777, of making a boy of nineteen years of age a major-general, in "consideration," as the 
resolution stated, "of his zeal, illustrious family and connections." It is true that in order 
to save appearances the appointment was called an honorary one. Kalb and his other friends 
at first sought commissions in vain, but within a short time, probably at the earnest request 
of La Fayette himself, Kalb was made a major-general, his commission bearing the same date 
as that of La Fayette. There seems to have been a certain fascination about La Fayette at 
this time which carried beyond the bounds of prudence in this matter the members of the 
Continental Congress. Even \Yashington himself does not seem to have escaped the conta- 
gion of that sympathy which everywhere surrounded him. The first time he saw him he 
treated him as his own son and begged that he would make the quarters of the Commander- 
in-Chief his home. Nothing is more curious and interesting about this book of Mr. Tower 
than the new light which his account of the relations between Washington and La Fayette 
throws upon the characteristics of the former. To himself Washington does not appear as 
the cold, reserved, dignified personage whom he is justly represented to be in his intercourse 
with others. In every letter which he writes to La Fayette the gentle, affectionate, and tender 
side of his nature is most conspicuous, and La Fayette received it all with a loving, filial 
reverence which showed how he valued the absolute confidence which the great chief reposed 
in him. All his letters breathe the same spirit. Indeed, the affectionate relations between 
Washington and La Fayette, continuing without a break for nearly a quarter of a century 
seem unparalleled in the history of the former's life. — From reviews of "The Marquis De La 
Fayette in the American Revolution," by Charlemagne Tower, Jr., LL.D. Dr. Chas. J. 
Stille in the Pennsylvania Magazine, 1895. 

The Guest of a Grateful Nation in 1824 

Forty-six years later this dashing French soldier was to come once more to America as 
the guest of a grateful people. He came marked by the heavy hand of time, but with enough 
of his native strength and buoyant spirits to withstand an unparalleled reception which lasted 
an entire year. The fortune which, in his youth, had been freely used in behalf of America 
was gone, but he made no complaint of poverty, nevertheless Ihe nation presented him, as 
a token of its appreciation of his services, with the sum of $200,000, together with a grant of 
land. Lafayette's official reception took place in Philadelphia September 28th, 1824, 

Upon the following day a deputation of citizens of the neighborhood countryside called 
upon the Marquis de Lafayette to invite him to visit Valley Forge and other scenes of Revo- 
lutionary interest. lie repaired to the field of Brandywine, but other plans prevented him 
from again viewing Valley Forge. 

84 



A Private Soldier's Observation 

"One hundred and two of the Life Guard and three thousands of the army was sent under 
the conamand of the Riglit Honorable IMaj. Gen. Delefiatee and we marched to Barronhill 
Church and there we made a halt and Formed a line of battle and our guard Lay in the Front 
of the Party by Gen. Marques Quarters sixteen miles from Valleyford." — Diary of Elijah 
Fisher, private. Life Guard, May 18, 1778. 

Aaron Burr 

ISLatthew L. Davis, Biography of Aaron Burr, tells a story to the effect that Lieutenant 
Colonel Burr being placed in command of the militia at Gulph Mills, provoked a mutiny by 
his severity, and when a soldier stepped from the ranks to shoot him, nearly severed the 
man's arm with his sword. 

Some Existing Orderly Books 

Brigadier General Philip Reade, U. S. A., retired, has kindly furnished the author with 
the following data: 

At the Congressional Library, Washington, is the original orderly book, kept at Valley 
Forge by Capt. John Stagg, A. A. G., and examined by Col. Alexander Scammell; also an 
orderly book of 185 pages, known as that of 1778, and the orderly book kept by Capt. 
Richard Varick. 

Washington's original orderly book, kept by Mayor Samuel Shaw, is at the Boston 
Atheneum, where also is a volume copy of the Washington orderly book, kept by Lieutenant 
and Adjutant John Whiting, of the 2d Mass. Infantry. This was published by Col. 
Henry Whiting. 

General Reade also calls attention to the orderly books kept by Lieut. John Irvin and by 
Capt. Benjamin Fishborne, of the 4th Pennsylvania Infantry. These are in possession of 
the Historical Society of Pennsylvania. 

The New York Historical Society has orderly books written by Adjutant Peter Taulman, 
of Malcolm's Regiment, and Lieut. John Steele, of the 9th Virginia Infantry. 

An Affair of Cavalry at Signal Hill 

One of the historic landmarks identified with the period of encampment is Signal Hill 
at Devon, Pa., now OAvned by Mr. Wm. T. Hunter. A Colonial house nearby, now occupied 
as a dwelling, was the scene of a skirmish upon January 14, 1778, in which Captain Henry 
Lee, the "Light Horse Harry" of Revolutionary fame, with fourteen men of Col. Brand's 
Virginia cavalry regiment, defended the house against a large force of Tarleton's dragoons 
until upon the arrival of reinforcements the enemy was repulsed. 

At New Centreville, upon the road from Devon to Valley Forge, stands the Great Valley 
Baptist Church, the congregation of which this year (1911) celebrates its bi-centennial. It 
was used as a hospital, and in its church-yard are buried numbers of Continental soldiers. 

A Dash at the Enemy 

June 18th — This day we learned the enemy had left Philadelphia. About 12 o'clock 
Gen'l Poor's, Varnum's and Huntingdon's Brigades and another Southern Brigade marched 
off, and we had orders with the rest of the whole army to march to-morrow morning at 5 
o'cl'k. — Journal of Ebenezer Wild. 

The Band Came Back 

The British Army was gone from Philadelphia, probablj'' forever, but one hundred and 
twenty-seven years later the band of the Grenadiers came back, December, 1904, and stand- 
ing in front of Independence Hall, facing the statue of Washington, played the "Star-Span- 
gled Banner." 

85 



Hessian Prisoners at the Camp 

In an address upon June 18th, 1898, the late Hon. Samuel W. Pennypacker referred to 
the occupation of the Valley Forge huts by a portion of Burgoyne's captive army. 

Brigadier General John Knox 

John Knox was a young bookseller of Boston, who attracted the attention of Washington 
by his energy in bringing a large number of cannon through the wilderness from Ticonderoga 
to Boston. 

Formation of Artillery and Cavalry Bodies 

According to Lossing, eighteen new Brigadiers were commissioned in the spring of 1777, 
the artillery and cavalry arms being recruited about the same period. 

French Officers in the American War 

At the request of the American Minister to France, a careful study was made, in 1849, 
of the national army records, which resulted in the compilation of the names of about three 
hundred French officers who served in the American Army of the Revolution either as volun- 
teers or with their commands in the French contingent. 

An Office Nobody Wanted 

Major General Thos. Mifflin offered his resignation as Quartermaster General upon 
October 8th, 1777, "on account of ill health," but was induced to continue in the office tem- 
porarily. Major General Nathaniel Greene consented reluctantly to take the position and 
assumed it upon March 2nd, 1778, retaining his rank and right to lead troops in battle. 

Trouble in the Camp 

Sergeant Andrew Kemp, writing upon June 13th, 1788, to his mother, who lived in 
Chester County, told the following story : 

"We have had a dreadful time of it through the winter at Valley Forge, sometimes for a 
week at a time with nothing but frozen potatoes and even worse still for clothing. Sometimes 
the men obliged to sleep by turns for want of blankets to cover the whole, and the rest keep- 
ing watch by the fires. There is hardly a man who has not been frostbitten. * * * But our 
distress for want of food was nothing compared to the grumbling of some of the men and, I 
am sorry to say, of some of the officers. I really thought we should have a meeting once or 
t^vice, but we weathered it through without it. Some hard things are said since about some 
of the officers." 

An Echo of the Barren Hill Episode 

Wayne Orderly Book, May 14th, 1778. 

"At a general Court Martial whereof Col. Febecker was President Lieut. Carter of Col. 
Baylese's Regt. of Light Dragoons Tryed for Neglect of Duty in leaving the different Roads 
Unguarded from Barren Hill Church to Philadelphia by which the Enemy advanced a body 
of Horse and foot to said Church and Surprised and made prisoners of a subaltern and his 
party who had Returned to the Church for Refreshment." 

(Lieutenant Carter was acquitted of this charge.) 

An Indian Martyr 

" I was called to relieve a Soldier tho't to be dying — he expired before I reached the Hutt. 
He was an Indian, an excellent Soldier — an obedient good natur'd fellow. He engaged for 
money doubtless as others do:— but he served his country faithfully — he has fought for those 
very people who disinherited his forefathers — having finished his pilgrimage, he was discharged 
from the War of Life and Death." Diary of Surgeon Waldo, Jan. 4, 1778. 

86 



News from the Battlefield 

Extract from a letter written by Sergeant Andrew Kemp to his mother. 

"Monmouth Court House July 2d 1778 

"God be thankful we have had a glorious victory. The British troops commanded by 
Sir Henry Clinton and ours by General Washington were nearly matched, say ten thousand 
each. We fought from the forenoon till nigh dark, and our whole loss killed and missing is 
short of seventy while the British lost about three hundred, and among them a Col. Monks 
or Monkston. The men behaved very nobly and the morning after when we found that the 
enemy had decamped over night the General (Washington) thanked us all from horseback. 
But one thing there is which has occasioned much disturbance among us. I mean the conduct 
of General Lee who attempted to retreat, and who has since been put under order to 
be court-martialed." 

An Estimate of Strength 

Upon May 8th, 1778, at a Council of War the Commander-in-Chief announced that 
exclusive of cavalry and artillery, the continental force numbered 15,000 men, of which 11,- 
800 were at Valley Forge, 1400 at W^ilmington, under command of Brig-Gen. William Small- 
wood and 1800 upon the North river under Maj.-Gen. McDougall. It was estimated that 
the whole army did not exceed 20,000 men at that time. 

We Who are About to Die 

Several Revolutionary historians relate that prisoners of war upon the British hulk 
"Jersey" in Wallabout Bay, East River, New York, in the depths of their despair inscribed 
upon its gloomy walls the following soul-inspiring message to their countrymen. Many of 
these heroes were Pennsylvanians of Wayne's Division: 

"If you are victorious and our country emerges free and independent from the contest 
in which she is now engaged, but the end of which we are not permitted to see, bury us in her 
soil and engrave our names on the monument you shall erect over our bones as victims who 
willingly surrendered their lives as a portion of the price paid for your liberties, and our 
departed spirits will never murmur or regret the sacrifice we made to obtain for you the bless- 
ings you enjoy." 

An Alert Army 

Washington's orders for the day from May 25th, 1778, reveal an expectation doubtless 
based upon secret information from the city, that the British were likely to move out at any 
time and that the American forces should be ready for instant action. The care with which 
the details were worked out is proven by the celerity and good order attending the departure 
of the army in the pursuit of Howe. 

In Care of the Sick 

When the Army departed from Valley Forge one commissioned officer to every fifty 
men left behind was detailed to remain, with brigade surgeons, to care for sick and disabled 
soldiers. Col. Courtlandt was left in command. Many of the ladies of the vicinity assisted 
the women army nurses in the hospitals. 

A Polish Hero 

Count Casimer Pulaski, a brave officer from Poland, was commissioned as Brigadier- 
General. He commanded the cavalry at the Battle of Brandywine and later resigned in 
order to recruit the famous Legion of 68 horse and 200 foot bearing his name. He was wound- 
ed at the siege of Savannah upon October 9th, 1779, and died two days later. A monument 
to his memory occupies a prominent location in that city. 

87 



The Camp Field Three Years After Abandonment 

"On Monday Lt. McLean and I set off for the city of Philadelphia, Came around by 
the springs, lost our way by going the back road and found ourselves near the Bull Tavern 
at the Valley Forge. We dined near Moor Hall, came thro' our old Encampment, or rather 
the first huts of the whole army. Some of the officers' huts are inhabited, but the greatest 
part are decayed, some are split up into rails, and a number of fine fields are to be seen on the 
level ground that was cleared, but in places where they have let the shoots grow it is already 
like a half-grown wood." 

Lieut. Enos Reeves, Penna Line, Sept. 1781. 

Washington's Tour of the Old Camp Ground in 1787 

July 30th 1787. 

In company with Mr. Gov'r Morris and in his Phaeton with my horses: went up to one 
Jane Moore's in the vicinity of Valley Forge to get Trout. 

July 31st, 1780. 

Whilst Mr. Morris was fishing I rid over the old Cantonment of the American (Army) 
of the winter of 1777—8 — visited all the works wch were in Ruins, and the Incampments 
in woods where the ground had not been cultivated. On my return to Mrs. Moores found 
Mr Robt Morris and his Lady there. 

Diary of George Washington. 

The Wages of War 

As fixed by Congress, the pay of a colonel of infantry, per month, was $75.00; of cap- 
tains, $40.00; of sergeants, $10.00, and of privates, $6.33. 

Years after the close of the war numerous veteran associations were engaged in the effort 
to obtain from the government money due their members because of the depreciation of the 
currency in which they had been paid. 

Real Money, After Five Years of Scrip 

"We marched from our encampment about 11 o'clock yesterday, crossed Schuylkill 
bridge, and marched into the city down Chestnut Street about one o'clock, the detachment 
divided into two Battalions. We marched down Front Street and embarq'd near the Draw- 
bridge, hauled off in the Stream and fell down opposite Almond Street. About an hour after 
the most of the officers went on shore and received from the Paymaster one month's pay in 
hard money; the first of the kind any of our line ever received" 

Letter book of Lieutenant Enos Reeves, Oct. 2d, 1781. 




Al,i).\(. I'lIE MOUNT JOY DRIVE 



31^77-61 
Lot-19 




PILLARS MARKING LEFT OF THE PENNSYLVANIA BRIGADES 

Upon Outer Line Boulevard 




NEAR FORT WASHINGTON 

Upon Inner Line Boulevard 



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mjmmMm- 



(Uasblngton 

« Titit « 



T VISITORS to Valley Forge will find the utmost in comfort 
' and convenience at this beautiful Inn. Excellent accom- 
modations, food and service always available for the unexpected 

guest. Garage. 

DANIEL J. VOORHEES 

Proprietor 



FLAGS OF QUALITY 



The reproductions of the 
Revolutionary Flags dis- 
played in the "Memorial 
Chapel" were manu- 
factured by us. 



Estimates on Flags in all quali- 
ties and sizes upon request. 




—Since 1792 

Founded When George Washington 

Was President of The United States 

— Has Seen Service Under Every 

President 

—is a mighty testimonial. It means service to country and busi- 
ness through all the bitter wars, through all the financial disasters 
and internal disruptions that have shaken the Nation since 1792. 

Through the dark periods of America's history, the North America Continued 
to offer manufacturers, shippers, vessel owners and property owners generally 
the degree of protection against loss guaranteed by its founders in those 
doubtful days following the Revolution. 

And today, the North America, strengthened financially and in experience 
by its 128 years of National service, is standing behind the Government 
stronger than ever — insuring its ships and its cargoes against the perils of the 
seas; insuring its citizens against property loss and its manufacturers against 
the liazards of production and transportation. 

The North America was born with the Republic— in the same room in 
Independence Hall in which the Declaration of Independence proclaimed 
the new Nation. 

And inspired by the ideals of the founders it has occupied a conspicuous 
position on the firing line of the Nation's business ever since. 

FORMS OF INSURANCE WRITTEN: 



FIRE 
Explosion 
Riot and Civil 

Commotion 
Tornado 

Use and Occupancy 
Sprinkler Leakage 



MARINE 
Builders' Risk 
Leasehold 
Rent 

Parcel Post 
Registered Mail 
Salesmen's Floater 



AUTOMOBILE 
Tourist Baggage 
Transit 
Theatrical 
Horse and Wagon 
War Risk (Marine) 
Cotton (Marine) 



INSURANCE COMPANY 
OF NORTH AMERICA 



PHILADELPHIA 



Head Office : 
Third and Walnut Streets 



Central Office : 
Real Estate Trust Building 



Any Agent or Broker Can Get You a North America Policy 













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LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 




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